{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:40:56Z","timestamp":1792654856243,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004386","name":"Universiti Malaya Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RU006-2025A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RU006-2025A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban stray cats are often associated with ectoparasites and zoonotic pathogens due to their unsanitary living conditions and lack of veterinary care. Fleas, especially Ctenocephalides spp., are competent vectors of Bartonella spp., a genus of emerging bacterial pathogens with both public health and veterinary relevance. This study investigated the presence of Bartonella DNA in ectoparasitic fleas infesting stray cats in various urban habitats within the Klang Valley, Malaysia. A total of 204 fleas were collected from 89 stray cats. Fleas were identified morphologically using established taxonomic keys under a light microscope and further validated through PCR amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene. Detection of Bartonella spp. was conducted by targeting the citrate synthase (gltA) gene. All fleas were confirmed as Ctenocephalides felis, with an infestation prevalence of 39.33% among the cats sampled. Of 118 C. felis specimens tested, 86.44% were positive for Bartonella DNA, one of the highest worldwide and significantly surpassing previous Malaysian reports. Sequencing of 12 positive samples showed identities with B. claridgeiae (58.3%), B. henselae (25.0%), an uncultured Bartonella species (8.3%) and a Bartonella isolate from a dog in Chile (8.3%). These results highlight the significant presence of Bartonella, causative agent of cat-scratch disease in stray cats, emphasizing their potential role as urban reservoirs and vectors. The findings underscore the need for ectoparasite surveillance and zoonotic pathogen control as integral components of stray animal management in Malaysia\u2019s urban settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16121282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T13:45:07Z","timestamp":1766065507000},"page":"1282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emerging Risk of Flea-Borne Bartonella in Tropical Cities: Evidence from Stray Cats in the Klang Valley, Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Justin Titti","family":"Alison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5957-5016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Auni Atikah","family":"AbdulHalim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Rasul","family":"Abdullah Halim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3323-8309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasmawati","family":"Yahaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5624-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhamad Afiq","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9267-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sazaly","family":"AbuBakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7178-6122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zubaidah","family":"Ya\u2019cob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"juaa004","DOI":"10.1093\/jue\/juaa004","article-title":"Subsidised by Junk Foods: Factors Influencing Body Condition in Stray Cats (Felis catus)","volume":"6","author":"Crawford","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Urban Ecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1377","article-title":"The Welfare of Feral Cats and Wildlife","volume":"225","author":"Jessup","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.1627","article-title":"Characteristics of Free-Roaming Cats and Their Caretakers","volume":"220","author":"Centonze","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durden, L.A., and Hinkle, N.C. (2019). Chapter 10\u2014Fleas (Siphonaptera), Elsevier. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/B9780128140437000108.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814043-7.00010-8"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612012000400002","article-title":"Ctenocephalides felis felis vs. Ctenocephalides canis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae): Some Issues in Correctly Identify These Species","volume":"21","author":"Linardi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.08.015","article-title":"Pathogens in Ectoparasites from Free-Ranging Animals: Infection with Rickettsia asembonensis in Ticks, and a Potentially New Species of Dipylidium in Fleas and Lice","volume":"245","author":"Low","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein, E.J., and Abrahamian, F.M. (2016). Diseases Transmitted by Cats, ASM Press. ASM Press Ebook.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819231.ch6"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurja, S., Stroe, A.Z., Pundiche, M.B., Axelerad, S.D., Mateescu, G., Micu, A.O., Popescu, R., Oltean, A., and Axelerad, A.D. (2022). The Clinical Profile of Cat-Scratch Disease\u2019s Neuro-Ophthalmological Effects. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020217"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1086\/523587","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Cat Scratch Disease","volume":"45","author":"Maman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i48","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckae123","article-title":"Bartonellosis in World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region, a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Ashtiani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Mada, P.K., Zulfiqar, H., and Chandranesan, A.S.J. (2025, October 13). Bartonellosis. PubMed, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK430874\/."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.58.030603.123700","article-title":"Molecular and Cellular Basis of Bartonella Pathogenesis","volume":"58","author":"Dehio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2002.100405.x","article-title":"Low Prevalence of Bartonella henselae Infections in Norwegian Domestic and Feral Cats","volume":"110","author":"Bergh","year":"2002","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2002.00434.x","article-title":"Lack of Correlation between Bartonella DNA Detection within Fleas, Serological Results, and Results of Blood Culture in a Bartonella-Infected Stray Cat Population","volume":"8","author":"Davoust","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5613","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01370-15","article-title":"Relationship between the Presence of Bartonella Species and Bacterial Loads in Cats and Cat Fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) under Natural Conditions","volume":"81","author":"Harrus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.47665\/tb.39.3.004","article-title":"Serological Review of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana Infection among Malaysian Patients with Unknown Causes of Febrile Illnesses","volume":"39","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7946123","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7946123","article-title":"Clinical Profile and Visual Outcome of Ocular Bartonellosis in Malaysia","volume":"2017","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0634","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Rickettsia felis, Bartonella henselae, and B. clarridgeiae in Fleas from Domestic Dogs and Cats in Malaysia","volume":"85","author":"Mokhtar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12075","article-title":"Identification of Rickettsiae from Wild Rats and Cat Fleas in Malaysia","volume":"28","author":"Tay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-2005-24","article-title":"Prevalence of Ectoparasites on a Stray Cat Population from \u201cTown of Knowledge\u201d Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo","volume":"44","author":"Adrus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04288-8","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Pathogens in Ticks and Fleas Collected from Companion Dogs and Cats in East and Southeast Asia","volume":"13","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06904-x","article-title":"Epidemiological and Molecular Characterisation of Flea Infestations in Dogs and Cats in Mainland Portugal","volume":"18","author":"Pereira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA Primers for Amplification of Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I from Diverse Metazoan Invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.7.1797-1803.1995","article-title":"Differentiation of Bartonella-like Isolates at the Species Level by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism in the Citrate Synthase Gene","volume":"33","author":"Norman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05393-6","article-title":"Population Genetics and Genetic Variation of Ctenocephalides felis and Pulex irritans in China by Analysis of Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genes","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank, H.K., Boyd, S.D., and Hadly, E.A. (2018). Global Fingerprint of Humans on the Distribution of Bartonella Bacteria in Mammals. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/249276"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2002)083[0164:TEOHDO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Effect of Host Density on Ectoparasite Distributions: An Example of a Rodent Parasitized by Fleas","volume":"83","author":"Krasnov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4688-4","article-title":"Urban Stray Cats Infested by Ectoparasites with Zoonotic Potential in Greece","volume":"114","author":"Lefkaditis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"810","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Flea Infestation on Cats","volume":"36","author":"Low","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3990-x","article-title":"A Molecular Survey of Vector-Borne Pathogens and Haemoplasmas in Owned Cats across Italy","volume":"13","author":"Latrofa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0270","article-title":"Molecular Evidence Supports the Role of Dogs as Potential Reservoirs for Rickettsia felis","volume":"11","author":"Hii","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(03)00143-4","article-title":"Gene-Sequence-Based Criteria for Species Definition in Bacteriology: The Bartonella Paradigm","volume":"11","author":"Zeaiter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3326-x","article-title":"Pathogens in Fleas Collected from Cats and Dogs: Distribution and Prevalence in the UK","volume":"12","author":"Abdullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cant\u00f3, G.J., Guerrero, R.I., Olvera-Ram\u00edrez, A.M., Mili\u00e1n, F., Mosqueda, J., and Aguilar-Tipacam\u00fa, G. (2013). Prevalence of Fleas and Gastrointestinal Parasites in Free-Roaming Cats in Central Mexico. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060744"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"463","article-title":"Ectoparasites of Stray Cats in Bangkok Metropolitan Areas, Thailand","volume":"42","author":"Jittapalapong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. Nat. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"115","article-title":"Ectoparasites in Stray Cats in Alexandria Province, Egypt: A Survey Study","volume":"48","author":"Aggour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alex. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"575","article-title":"Prevalence of Flea Infestation in Stray Cats in North West of Iran, Iran","volume":"7","author":"Hajipour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Forum"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1366-z","article-title":"Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Development Times and Survival of Synopsyllus fonquerniei and Xenopsylla cheopis, the Flea Vectors of Plague in Madagascar","volume":"9","author":"Kreppel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12032","article-title":"Ectoparasites in Urban Stray Cats in Jerusalem, Israel: Differences in Infestation Patterns of Fleas, Ticks and Permanent Ectoparasites","volume":"28","author":"Salant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12636","article-title":"Seasonality and Other Risk Factors for Fleas Infestations in Domestic Dogs and Cats","volume":"37","author":"Farrell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.03.030","article-title":"Macroparasite Communities in Stray Cat Populations from Urban Cities in Peninsular Malaysia","volume":"196","author":"Sahimin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1591-x","article-title":"Ectoparasites of Dogs and Cats in Albania","volume":"105","author":"Xhaxhiu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2372-5","article-title":"First Molecular Detection and Characterization of Zoonotic Bartonella Species in Fleas Infesting Domestic Animals in Tunisia","volume":"10","author":"Zouari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabir, J.S.M., Rabah, S., Yacoub, H., Hajrah, N.H., Atef, A., Al-Matary, M., Edris, S., Alharbi, M.G., Ganash, M., and Mahyoub, J. (2019). Molecular Evolution of Cytochrome c Oxidase-I Protein of Insects Living in Saudi Arabia. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224336"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2025.105793","article-title":"Mitochondrial COI Barcoding of Pulicidae Fleas and Ultrastructural Differentiation of the Cat Flea by Scanning Electron Microscopy","volume":"133","author":"Chotelersak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05487-1","article-title":"Identification of Microbial Taxa Present in Ctenocephalides felis (Cat Flea) Reveals Widespread Co-Infection and Associations with Vector Phylogeny","volume":"15","author":"Manvell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101621","article-title":"Flea-Borne Pathogens in the Cat Flea Ctenocephalides felis and Their Association with MtDNA Diversity of the Flea Host","volume":"75","author":"Low","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020278","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Bartonella quintana, B. koehlerae, B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae, Rickettsia felis, and Wolbachia pipientis in Cat Fleas, France","volume":"9","author":"Rolain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.08.003","article-title":"Prevalence of Bartonella Species, Haemoplasma Species, Ehrlichia Species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Neorickettsia risticii DNA in the Blood of Cats and Their Fleas in the United States","volume":"8","author":"Lappin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12100","article-title":"Bartonella Species in Fleas from Palestinian Territories: Prevalence and Genetic Diversity","volume":"39","author":"Nasereddin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1534-1","article-title":"Detection of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Cats and Their Ectoparasites in Southern Italy","volume":"9","author":"Persichetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"100612","article-title":"Detection of Zoonotic Bartonella Species in Ticks and Fleas Parasitizing Free-Ranging Cats and Dogs Residing in Temples of Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"25","author":"Saengsawang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101234","article-title":"Preliminary Molecular Detection and Characterization of Bartonella in Small Mammals from Malaysian Oil Palm Ecosystems","volume":"21","author":"AbdulHalim","year":"2025","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017001263","article-title":"Genotyping of Bartonella Bacteria and Their Animal Hosts: Current Status and Perspectives","volume":"145","author":"Kosoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Y., Osikowicz, L.M., Hojgaard, A., and Eisen, R.J. (2023). Development of a Quadruplex PCR Amplicon next Generation Sequencing Assay for Detection and Differentiation of Bartonella Spp. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1243471"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1546-x","article-title":"Bartonella Spp.\u2014A Chance to Establish One Health Concepts in Veterinary and Human Medicine","volume":"9","author":"Regier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12959","article-title":"Occurrence and Bacterial Loads of Bartonella and Haemotropic Mycoplasma Species in Privately Owned Cats and Dogs and Their Fleas from East and Southeast Asia","volume":"69","author":"Zarea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2483-z","article-title":"Prevalence of Bartonella Spp. By Culture, PCR and Serology, in Veterinary Personnel from Spain","volume":"10","author":"Oteo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portillo, A., Maggi, R., Oteo, J.A., Bradley, J., Garc\u00eda-\u00c1lvarez, L., San-Mart\u00edn, M., Roura, X., and Breitschwerdt, E. (2020). Bartonella Spp. Prevalence (Serology, Culture, and PCR) in Sanitary Workers in La Rioja Spain. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030189"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200355","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0355","article-title":"Zoonotic Spillover: Understanding Basic Aspects for Better Prevention","volume":"44","author":"Ellwanger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osikowicz, L.M., Horiuchi, K., Goodrich, I., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Chomel, B., Biggerstaff, B.J., and Kosoy, M. (2021). Exposure of Domestic Cats to Three Zoonotic Bartonella Species in the United States. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030354"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12371","article-title":"Detection of Rickettsia spp. And Bartonella spp. in Ctenocephalides felis Fleas from Free-Ranging Crab-Eating Foxes (Cerdocyon thous)","volume":"33","author":"Schott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2505","article-title":"Bartonella Infection in Stray Dogs from Central and Southern Chile (Linares and Puerto Montt)","volume":"20","author":"Pau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"WHO (2025, October 24). WHO Results Report 2023 Shows Notable Health Achievements and Calls for Concerted Drive Toward Sustainable Development Goals. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/07-05-2024-who-results-report-2023-shows-notable-health-achievements-and-calls-for-concerted-drive-toward-sustainable-development-goals."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"WOAH (2024). Vector-Borne Diseases Surveillance: A Global Health Imperative, WOAH\u2014World Organisation for Animal Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/article\/vector-borne-diseases-surveillance-a-global-health-imperative\/."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/12\/1282\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T13:57:04Z","timestamp":1766066224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/16\/12\/1282"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["insects16121282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects16121282","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]}}}