{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T23:35:26Z","timestamp":1785195326652,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)-Brazil","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious vector-borne disease affecting humans and dogs, posing major public health challenges in endemic regions. Control efforts often target sandfly vectors, whose larvae and pupae develop in soil. Environmental management, such as removing organic matter, reducing moisture, and pruning vegetation, aims to limit breeding sites and reduce sandfly populations. This study evaluated the impact of integrated interventions on sandfly behavior in priority areas for VL control in Ara\u00e7atuba, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. The control strategy combined environmental management, canine surveys, and educational actions across seven local work areas (LWAs). Between 2019 and 2021, CDC-type light traps were installed in intra- and peridomiciliary settings at twelve properties in LWA 5. Spatial risk analysis for canine transmission was conducted in LWAs 3 and 5 using a Generalized Additive Model, with results presented as spatial odds ratios. Vector prevalence was analyzed using negative binomial regression compared to historical municipal data. Intervention coverage averaged 52.91% of visited properties (n = 15,905), ranging from 48% to 76.8% across LWAs. Adherence to environmental management exceeded 85%. Of the 150 sandflies collected, 98.67% were Lutzomyia longipalpis and 1.33% Nyssomyia neivai. A 6% reduction in vector density was observed compared with historical data, although this difference was not statistically significant. Spatial risk varied among LWAs, indicating heterogeneous transmission levels. These findings suggest that integrated environmental and educational interventions may contribute to reducing vector density and that identifying priority areas tends to support surveillance and the effectiveness of disease control actions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17010125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:16:59Z","timestamp":1769159819000},"page":"125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Integrated Control Interventions on Sandfly Populations in Human and Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis Control in Ara\u00e7atuba, State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9629-2292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keuryn Alessandra Mira","family":"Luz-Requena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania Mara Tomiko","family":"Suto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osias","family":"Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Center for Disease Control, Sao Paulo State Department of Health, S\u00e3o Paulo 01027-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina C\u00e9lia Loverdi de Lima","family":"Stringheta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8300-0473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thais Rabelo","family":"Santos-Doni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Avenida Universit\u00e1rios, 1000, Una\u00ed 38610-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian Aparecida Colebrusco","family":"Rodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Center for Disease Control, Sao Paulo State Department of Health, S\u00e3o Paulo 01027-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8767-8855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia Denise Saraiva","family":"Bresciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhoundi, M., Kuhls, K., Cannet, A., Vot\u00fdpka, J., Marty, P., Delaunay, P., and Sereno, D. (2016). A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004349"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06520-6","article-title":"Improving the sensitivity of an hsp20-based PCR for genus detection of Leishmania parasites in cutaneous clinical samples: A proof of concept","volume":"119","author":"Montalvo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01658-5","article-title":"Colonization and genetic diversification processes of Leishmania infantum in the Americas","volume":"4","author":"Schwabl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"WHO (2024, July 23). Leishmaniasis. World Health Organization: Internet. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/who-wer9745-575-590."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3993-7","article-title":"Monitoring Leishmania infection and exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus using minimal and non-invasive canine samples","volume":"13","author":"Maia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.04.001","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis\u2014New concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: Part one","volume":"24","author":"Baneth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13580","article-title":"Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum: Integration of human, animal and environmental data through a One Health approach","volume":"67","author":"Sampedro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2302","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14571","article-title":"Efficacy of imidacloprid\/flumethrin collar in preventing canine leishmaniosis in Brazil","volume":"69","author":"Alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"CVE (2025, November 05). Centro de Vigil\u00e2ncia Epidemiol\u00f3gica. S\u00e3o Paulo, Casos Confirmados de Leishmaniose Visceral Segundo LPI e ano de Notifica\u00e7\u00e3o, Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, 2017 a 2025. Secretaria de Estado da Sa\u00fade, Editor, Available online: https:\/\/www.saude.sp.gov.br\/resources\/cve-centro-de-vigilancia-epidemiologica\/areas-de-vigilancia\/doencas-de-transmissao-por-vetores-e-zoonoses\/dados\/leish\/lv2017a2025_lpi.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S0102-311X2016000600401","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311X00087415","article-title":"Dificuldades na execu\u00e7\u00e3o das diretrizes do Programa de Vigil\u00e2ncia e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral em grandes munic\u00edpios brasileiros [Dificulties in implementing the guidelines of the Brazilian Visceral Leishmaniasis Control Program in large cities]","volume":"32","author":"Zuben","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00272020","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00272020","article-title":"The path of canine visceral leishmaniasis versus the path of Center for Zoonoses Control: Contributions of spatial analysis to health","volume":"38","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.04.002","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of vector, parasite, and domestic reservoir in areas of recent transmission and no reported human cases of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"148","author":"Michalsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"IBGE, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (2024, July 23). Cidades, Available online: https:\/\/cidades.ibge.gov.br\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2025, November 05). Brasil, Nota T\u00e9cnica n. 5\/2021-CGZV\/DEIDT\/SVS\/MS, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade, Departamento de Imuniza\u00e7\u00e3o e Doen\u00e7as Transmiss\u00edveis, Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral de Vigil\u00e2ncia de Zoonoses e Doen\u00e7as de Transmiss\u00e3o Vetorial., Editor; Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade: Bras\u00edlia, DF, Brazil, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/saude\/pt-br\/centrais-de-conteudo\/publicacoes\/notas-tecnicas\/2021\/nota-tecnica-no-5-2021-cgzv-deidt-svs-ms.pdf\/view."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Lainson, R., and Rangel, E.F. (2003). Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de phlebotominae. Flebotom\u00edneos no Brasil, Fiocruz."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Brasil, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade. Departamento de Vigil\u00e2ncia Epidemiol\u00f3gica (2025, November 07). Manual de Vigil\u00e2ncia e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral. S\u00e9rie A. Normas e Manuais T\u00e9cnicos, Available online: https:\/\/bvsms.saude.gov.br\/bvs\/publicacoes\/manual_vigilancia_controle_leishmaniose_visceral.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Hastie, T.J., and Tibshirani, R.J. (1990). Generalized Additive Models. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, Chapman & Hall."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Hastie, T.J. (2018). Package \u2018gam\u2019: Generalized Additive Models, R package version 1.20, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9876.2005.00510.x","article-title":"Generalized additive models for location, scale and shape","volume":"54","author":"Rigby","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Rangel, O., Perpetuo Sampaio, S.M., Colebrusco Rodas, L.A.C.R., and Leonetti Coutinho, T. (2025, November 05). An\u00e1lise da Popula\u00e7\u00e3o de Lutzomyia longipalpis com dados de Contagem e de Classes de Abund\u00e2ncia em Munic\u00edpios com e sem Transmiss\u00e3o da Leishmaniose Visceral no Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo. Bepa [Internet] 2018, Available online: https:\/\/periodicos.saude.sp.gov.br\/BEPA182\/article\/view\/37772."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"R Foundation (2015). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.14393\/Hygeia1129627","article-title":"Fatores de risco associados \u00e0 ocorr\u00eancia da leishmaniose visceral na \u00e1rea urbana do munic\u00edpio de Campo Grande\/MS","volume":"11","author":"Teles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hygeia"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Bertollo, D.M.B. (2025, November 07). Leishmaniose Visceral: Hist\u00f3ria Epidemiol\u00f3gica na Regi\u00e3o de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, no per\u00edodo de 2008 a 2019. Bepa [Internet] 2021, Available online: https:\/\/periodicos.saude.sp.gov.br\/BEPA182\/article\/view\/37267."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-9-37","article-title":"A power comparison of generalized additive models and the spatial scan statistic in a case-control setting","volume":"9","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-8910.2014048005615","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: Rationale and concerns related to reservoir control","volume":"48","author":"Werneck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, M.F., Michalsky, \u00c9.M., de Oliveira Lara-Silva, F., Valad\u00e3o, J.L., Fran\u00e7a-Silva, J.C., Pinheiro, L.C., de Sousa, J.F., dos Santos, R.C., Soares, M.D., and Fortes-Dias, C.L. (2020). Dogs with divergent serology for visceral leishmaniasis as sources of Leishmania infection for Lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine sand flies\u2014An observational study in an endemic area in Brazil. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008079"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sev\u00e1, A.P., Ovallos, F.G., Amaku, M., Carrillo, E., Moreno, J., Galati, E.A., Lopes, E.G., Soares, R.M., and Ferreira, F. (2016). Canine-Based Strategies for Prevention and Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162854"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276140112","article-title":"Phlebotomine fauna, natural infection rate and feeding habits of Lutzomyia cruzi in Jaciara, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil","volume":"109","author":"Brito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106707","article-title":"Occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis in the Central-West region of Brazil: A systematic review","volume":"237","author":"Barbosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, E.F., Casaril, A.E., Fernandes, C.E., Paranhos Filho, A.C., Gamarra, R.M., Ribeiro, A.L.M., Brazil, R.P., and Oliveira, A.G. (2016). Monthly Distribution of Phlebotomine Sand Flies, and Biotic and Abiotic Factors Associated with Their Abundance in a Leishmaniasis-Endemic Area. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165155"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2211-8","article-title":"Ecological parameters of the (S)-9-methylgermacrene-B population of the Lutzomyia longipalpis complex in a visceral leishmaniasis area in S\u00e3o Paulo state, Brazil","volume":"10","author":"Casanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.07.029","article-title":"Evaluation of chemical spraying and environmental management efficacy in areas with minor previous application of integrated control actions for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"176","author":"Michalsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, D.N., Code\u00e7o, C.T., Silva, M.A., and Werneck, G.L. (2013). Culling dogs in scenarios of imperfect control: Realistic impact on the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002355"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimaldi, G., Teva, A., dos-Santos, C.B., Santos, F.N., Pinto, I.D., Fux, B., Leite, G.R., and Falqueto, A. (2017). Field trial of efficacy of the Leish-tec\u00ae vaccine against canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in an endemic area with high transmission rates. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185438"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.53393\/rial.2018.v77.34209","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da efetividade do uso de coleiras impregnadas com deltametrina no controle da leishmaniose visceral no munic\u00edpio de Votuporanga, Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil, 2014\u20132016","volume":"77","author":"Tolezano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05678-4","article-title":"Determination of the effect of collars containing 10% w\/w imidacloprid and 4.5% w\/w flumethrin (Seresto\u00ae) on the incidence of Leishmania and other canine vector-borne pathogen infections in Greece","volume":"16","author":"Ligda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.012","article-title":"Efficacy of a combination of 10% imidacloprid\/50% permethrin for the prevention of leishmaniasis in kennelled dogs in an endemic area","volume":"144","author":"Otranto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-327","article-title":"Efficacy of a slow-release imidacloprid (10%)\/flumethrin (4.5%) collar for the prevention of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"7","author":"Brianti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otranto, D., Dantas-Torres, F., de Caprariis, D., Di Paola, G., Tarallo, V.D., Latrofa, M.S., Lia, R.P., Annoscia, G., Breitshwerdt, E.B., and Cantacessi, C. (2013). Prevention of canine leishmaniosis in a hyper-endemic area using a combination of 10% imidacloprid\/4.5% flumethrin. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056374"}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/1\/125\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:37:32Z","timestamp":1769161052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/1\/125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["insects17010125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects17010125","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}}}