{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T04:47:05Z","timestamp":1778820425229,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025QN03105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025QN03105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025QN03201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025QN03201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025MS03116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025MS03116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62401300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62401300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Locust outbreaks cause a significant threat to global food security and ecosystem stability, with particularly severe consequences in grassland regions, where grasshoppers also exert considerable ecological pressure. In comparison to grasshoppers, locusts typically occur at much larger spatial scales, as their strong migratory ability and collective movement behavior lead to greater spatial connectivity and autocorrelation. The forecasting of both locust and grasshopper outbreaks remains a formidable scientific challenge, primarily due to the complex, nonlinear spatiotemporal interactions among environmental drivers such as weather, vegetation, and soil conditions. This review compares the evolution of prediction methodologies for locust and grasshopper outbreaks, focusing on the application of deep learning (DL) methods to ecological forecasting tasks. It traces the development from traditional statistical models to classical machine learning, and ultimately to DL, assessing the strengths and limitations of key DL architectures\u2014including Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs)\u2014in modeling the intricate dynamics of locust populations. While most studies have concentrated on locust outbreaks, this review emphasizes the adaptation of these models to grassland ecosystems, such as those in Inner Mongolia, where grasshopper outbreaks exhibit similarities to locust plagues but have been largely overlooked in DL research. Despite the potential of DL, challenges such as data scarcity, limited model generalizability across regions, and the \u201cblack box\u201d issue of low interpretability remain. To address these issues, we propose future research directions that integrate Explainable AI (XAI), transfer learning, and generative models like GANs to development more robust, transparent, and ecologically grounded forecasting tools. By promoting the use of efficient architectures like GRUs within customized frameworks, this review aims to guide the development of effective early warning systems for sustainable locust management in vulnerable grassland ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17020182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T09:41:02Z","timestamp":1770630062000},"page":"182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Evolution of Modeling Approaches: From Statistical Models to Deep Learning for Locust and Grasshopper Forecasting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Sui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baotou Garden Landscape Research Institute, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baotou Garden Landscape Research Institute, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baotou Garden Landscape Research Institute, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yijie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baotou Garden Landscape Research Institute, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1426-8185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guojun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Life Health and Bioinformatics, College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shujian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baotou Garden Landscape Research Institute, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baotou Garden Landscape Research Institute, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baotou Landscaping and Greening Development Center, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Life Health and Bioinformatics, College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110046","article-title":"A Review of Historical and Recent Locust Outbreaks: Links to Global Warming, Food Security and Mitigation Strategies","volume":"191","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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