{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T03:27:46Z","timestamp":1778988466670,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencias, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["CBF-2025-I-3511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBF-2025-I-3511"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of Silba adipata in countries outside its native range has raised increasing concern among fig (Ficus carica L.) producers due to its growing economic importance. Information on this lonchaeid remains scarce and is frequently fragmented across regional reports, technical documents, and isolated scientific studies. The lack of consolidated and reliable knowledge on S. adipata, together with its sporadic impacts on figs and frequent confusion with closely related species, has hindered the development of effective and sustainable management strategies. Here, we provide a comprehensive synthesis of the current geographic distribution of S. adipata and its expansion into new areas, addressing diagnostic aspects and potential misidentifications reported in the literature that have the potential to confound distribution records and assessments of its pest status. We critically review current knowledge of the biology, ecology, and behavior of S. adipata, together with existing and emerging management and control approaches, including cultural practices, monitoring tools, mass trapping strategies, and biological- and chemical-based tactics. The strengths and limitations of these approaches are discussed in the context of their applicability to fig production systems. Advancing the management of S. adipata requires not only accurate species identification and evaluation of conventional control methods, but also a deeper understanding of its ecology and sexual behavior. Addressing these knowledge gaps will be essential for the development of innovative, effective, and environmentally sustainable management strategies for this emerging pest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17030247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T13:58:03Z","timestamp":1772114283000},"page":"247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Black Fig Fly, Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae): Current Knowledge and Future Research Needs for an Invasive Pest of Fig Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1175-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Lasa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda AC, Xalapa 91073, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3188-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iain","family":"MacGowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh EH5 1JA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6445-7024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Bartual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Agraria de Elche, Conselleria de Agricultura, Ganader\u00eda y Pesca, Servicio de Transferencia de Tecnolog\u00eda, 03290 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3414-3440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda AC, Xalapa 91073, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkhosh, A., Yavari, A., and Ferguson, L. (2022). Production and growing regions. The Fig: Botany, Production and Uses, CAB International.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781789242881.0000"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkhosh, A., Yavari, A., and Ferguson, L. (2022). Fig and health. The Fig: Botany, Production and Uses, CAB International.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781789242881.0000"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkhosh, A., Yavari, A., and Ferguson, L. (2022). Arthropod pests of fig and their management. The Fig: Botany, Production and Uses, CAB International.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781789242881.0000"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flaishman, M.A., and Aksoy, U. (2022). Pests of fig trees. Advances in Fig Research and Sustainable Production, CAB International.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781789242492.0000"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent88521-9","article-title":"Old world lonchaeids of the genus Silba Macquart (=Carpolonchaea Bezzi), with descriptions of six new species (Diptera: Lonchaeidae)","volume":"88","author":"McAlpine","year":"1956","journal-title":"Can. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3406\/bsef.1921.26831","article-title":"Sur la pr\u00e9sence en France du Lonchaea aristella Beck. [Dipt. Lonchaeidae]","volume":"26","author":"Turinetti","year":"1921","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"123","article-title":"Sulla Lonchaea aristella Beck. (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) dannosa alle infiorescenze e fruttescenze del capririco e del fico","volume":"12","author":"Silvestri","year":"1917","journal-title":"Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Scuola Super. Agric. Portici"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s12600-020-00871-y","article-title":"The black fig fly Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) as an emerging pest in Tunisia: Preliminary data on geographic distribution, bioecology and damage","volume":"49","author":"Abbes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytoparasitica"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"73","article-title":"The picture-winged flies and related families (Diptera, Tephritoidea) of the Maltese Islands","volume":"7","author":"Ebejer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Ent. Soc. Malta"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"MacGowan, I. (2026, January 10). Lonchaeidae Online. Available online: https:\/\/lonchaeidae.myspecies.info\/key-genera."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"61","article-title":"The Lonchaeidae (Diptera) of Israel, with descriptions of three new species","volume":"38","author":"MacGowan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Isr. J. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"31","article-title":"The black fig fly Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera, Lonchaeidae), a little known fig pest in Montenegro","volume":"10","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agroznanje"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"47","article-title":"Black fig fly (Silba adipata McAlpine, 1956 Diptera, Lonchaeidae) is present also in Slovenia","volume":"7","author":"Rot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Slov. Posvetovanja Varstvu Rastl. Mednar. Udele\u017ebo Rimske Toplice"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"41","article-title":"The pests of the fig in the Crimea","volume":"3","author":"Umnov","year":"1940","journal-title":"Sov. Subtrop."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.4001\/1021-3589-15.2.383","article-title":"Mediterranean black fig fly, Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), recorded from South Africa","volume":"15","author":"Giliomee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Afr. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2026, January 15). NAPPO, North American Plant Protection Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.pestalerts.org\/nappo\/official-pest-reports\/926\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/jipm\/pmac009","article-title":"First report of black fig fly, Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), in the United States","volume":"13","author":"Britt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Integr. Pest Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.1998.480.35","article-title":"The phenology of the black fig fly and its control","volume":"380","author":"Raz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/ens.12003","article-title":"New species of Lonchaeidae (Diptera: Schizophora) from Japan and a re-evaluation of genus Setisquamalonchaea Morge","volume":"16","author":"MacGowan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Entomol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2019.11.007","article-title":"New data on lance flies (Diptera, Lonchaeidae) associated with figs (Moraceae, Ficus spp.) in Japan and Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species of the genus Silba Macquart","volume":"23","author":"Arimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012012","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1346\/1\/012012","article-title":"Current report of Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) attacking local fig (Ficus variegata) fruits in Bali: Molecular identification, invasion, and preference","volume":"1346","author":"Merta","year":"2024","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3242.1.3","article-title":"A new species of fig-feeding Lonchaeidae (Diptera: Schizophora) from India and a checklist for the family in the Indian sub-continent","volume":"3242","author":"MacGowan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4455.1.10","article-title":"A new species of Silba (Diptera; Lonchaeidae) associated with figs","volume":"4455","author":"MacGowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2018.12.003","article-title":"Silba capsicarum (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), a newly recognized pest of chilli pepper in Java","volume":"22","author":"MacGowan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Xu, M., and Lin, W. (2026, January 15). The First Intercept Report of Mediterranean Black Fig Fly, Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) in Zhuhai Port, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/nuccore\/MK420468.1."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"SENASICA (2026, January 15). Silba adipata McAlpine, 1956 (Diptera: Lonchaeidae). Available online: https:\/\/es.scribd.com\/document\/539683372\/Ficha-Tecnica-Silba-Adipata."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasa, R., Navarro-de-la-Fuente, L., MacGowan, I., and Williams, T. (2025). A complex of lance flies (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) infesting figs in Veracruz, Mexico, with the description of a new species. Insects, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16050458"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"C\u00f3rdova-Garc\u00eda, R. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"McAlpine, J.F. (1957). Manual of Neartic diptera, Volume 2. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Monograph 28, Minister of Supply and Services."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent114105-2","article-title":"A revision of Neosilba McAlpine with a key to the world genera of Lonchaeidae","volume":"114","author":"McAlpine","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1587","article-title":"Lonchaeidae. Manual of Afrotropical Diptera","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Sinclair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Manual of Afrotropical Diptera"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"793","article-title":"Black fig fly, Silba adipata McAlpine, in backyards of the State of Mexico","volume":"46","year":"2021","journal-title":"Southwest. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"SENASICA (2026, January 15). Silba adipata McAlpine, 1956 (Diptera: Lonchaeidae). Available online: https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/cms\/uploads\/attachment\/file\/756119\/Anexos_2_y_3_modificados_de_la_estrageia_Operativa_para_el_manejo_fitosanitario_de_Silba_adipata.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Drouet, F. (2026, January 22). Silba adipata McAlpine. Available online: http:\/\/www.silba-adipata.fr\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e137798","DOI":"10.3897\/BDJ.12.e137798","article-title":"Morphology of immature stages of the black fig fly Silba adipata (Diptera, Lonchaeidae)","volume":"12","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biodivers. Data J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paniagua-Jasso, E., Tejeda-Reyes, M.A., Mart\u00ednez-Castillo, A.M., Figueroa-de la Rosa, J.I., Garc\u00eda-Banderas, D.V., Palma-Castillo, L.J., Illescas-Riquelme, C.P., and Pineda-Guillermo, S. (2024). Bioecological parameters of the black fig fly, Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), collected from fig crops in Mexico. Insects, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15110883"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.5307.1.1","article-title":"World catalogue of the family Lonchaeidae (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae)","volume":"5307","author":"MacGowan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2218","article-title":"Biological identifications through DNA barcodes","volume":"270","author":"Hebert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"47","article-title":"Effect of some cultural practices on the fig fruit fly, Silba virescens (Maquart) in Iraq","volume":"24","author":"Abdullah","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mesop. J. Agric."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"41","article-title":"Effect of some attractive bait traps and independent factors in population density of fig fly fruit Silba virescens (MacQ.) (Lonchaeidae; Diptera) in Nineveh province Iraq","volume":"24","author":"Abdullah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arab J. Plant Prot."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"239","article-title":"Some biological aspects on the fig fruit fly, Silba virescens Maquart","volume":"58","author":"Awadallah","year":"1982","journal-title":"Agric. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.1983.tb02670.x","article-title":"Field observations on the biology and behavior of the black fig fly Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), and trapping experiments","volume":"95","author":"Katsoyannos","year":"1983","journal-title":"Z. Angew. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Flores-Hern\u00e1ndez, M.A. (2022). Biolog\u00eda y atrayentes alimenticios de la mosca negra del higo Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera: Loncheaeidae). [Master\u2019s Thesis, Colegio de Postgraduados]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.25308\/aduziraat.1025097","article-title":"Siyah \u0130ncir Sine\u011fi\u2019nin (Silba adipata Mcalpine, Diptera: Lonchaeidae) Ayd\u0131n \u0130linde \u0130ncir Bah\u00e7elerinde Bulunma Oran\u0131, Pop\u00fclasyon De\u011fi\u015fimi ve Baz\u0131 Biyolojik \u00d6zellikleri","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ad\u00fc Ziraat Derg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/355159a0","article-title":"Locomotion by jumping in the Mediterranean fruit-fly larva Ceratitis capitata","volume":"355","author":"Maitland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.5583.1.12","article-title":"A new species of Neosilba (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) associated with fig orchards in Mexico","volume":"5583","author":"MacGowan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02337680","article-title":"Die Feigeninsekten und die wesentlichsten Ursachen der Feigenfruchtf\u00e4ule","volume":"10","author":"Schewket","year":"1934","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-del-Castillo, R., C\u00f3rdova-Garc\u00eda, G., P\u00e9rez-Staples, D., Birke, A., Williams, T., and Lasa, R. (2025). Sexual development of Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae): Effects of diet, ultraviolet light and fig latex. Insects, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16050495"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5379.996","article-title":"Dual modes of aging in Mediterranean fruit fly females","volume":"281","author":"Carey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelly, T., Epsky, N.D., and Jang, E.B. (2014). History and development of food-based attractants. Trapping and the Detection, Control, and Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9193-9"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelly, T., Espky, N.D., Jang, E.B., Reyes-Flores, J., and Vargas, R. (2014). Priorities in formulation and activity of adulticidal insecticide bait spray for fruit flies. Trapping and the Detection, Control, and Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9193-9"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelly, T.E., Epsky, N.D., Jang, E.B., Reyes-Flores, J., and Vargas, R. (2014). Mass trapping for fruit fly control. Trapping and the Detection, Control and Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9193-9"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-del-Castillo, R., C\u00f3rdova-Garc\u00eda, G., P\u00e9rez-Staples, D., Birke, A., Williams, T., and Lasa, R. (2026). Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda AC, Xalapa, Mexico, manuscript in preparation."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120307","article-title":"Latex: A model for understanding mechanisms, ecology, and evolution of plant defense against herbivory","volume":"40","author":"Agrawal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10855","DOI":"10.1021\/jf1031185","article-title":"Further insight into the latex metabolite profile of Ficus carica","volume":"58","author":"Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3032.2012.00847.x","article-title":"Essential oils of citrus fruit stimulate oviposition in the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)","volume":"37","author":"Ioannou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelly, T., Epsky, N., Jang, E., Reyes-Flores, J., and Vargas, R. (2014). Pheromones, male lures, and trapping of tephritid fruit flies. Trapping and the Detection, Control, and Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9193-9"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.1987.tb02198.x","article-title":"The role of ammonia in the attraction of females of the Mediterranean fruit fly to protein hydrolysate baits","volume":"43","author":"Mazor","year":"1987","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.03.028","article-title":"Diptera pollinators","volume":"32","author":"Mlynarek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48863-1","article-title":"Differential impacts of yeasts on feeding behavior and development in larval Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)","volume":"9","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent1001154-11","article-title":"Swarming of Lonchaeid flies and other insects, with descriptions of four new species of Lonchaeidae (Diptera)","volume":"100","author":"McAlpine","year":"1968","journal-title":"Can. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"183","article-title":"Swarming of Lamprolonchaea smaragdi Walker (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) and a few other Diptera observed in Chios, Greece","volume":"56","author":"Katsoyannos","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Ent. Suisse"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"S345","article-title":"Composition, sex ratio, and population density of Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) and Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) in white chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Bali Province, Indonesia","volume":"27","author":"Susila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eco. Env. Cons."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012016","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1346\/1\/012016","article-title":"Geographical distribution, population density, and fruit damage due to pest, Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera: Lochaeidae) on cayenne pepper in Bali, Indonesia","volume":"1346","author":"Yuliadhi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-6055.2005.00459.x","article-title":"Influence of fruit traits on oviposition preference and offspring performance of Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on three tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum) cultivars","volume":"44","author":"Balagawi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. J. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guill\u00e9n, L., Monribot-Villanueva, J.L., Guerrero-Analco, J.A., Ortega, R., Alt\u00fazar-Molina, A., Mena, V., Ruiz-May, E., and Aluja, M. (2022). Influence of sunlight incidence and fruit chemical features on oviposition site selection in mango by Anastrepha obliqua: Implications for management. Insects, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13020141"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2020.110549","article-title":"Characterization of terpene synthase genes potentially involved in black fig fly (Silba adipata) interactions with Ficus carica","volume":"298","author":"Nawade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.1984.tb03362.x","article-title":"Hexanol: A potent attractant for the black fig fly, Silba adipata","volume":"35","author":"Katsoyannos","year":"1984","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Ediciones Nobel, S.A. (2019). El cultivo de la higuera en el campo de Albatera, Newton Publicaciones."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Lasa, R. (2025). Personal observation."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naranjo-Azcona, V., and Castrej\u00f3n-G\u00f3mez, V.R. (2025). Evaluation of food attractants based on fig fruit for field capture of the black fig fly, Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae). Fla. Entomol., 108.","DOI":"10.1515\/flaent-2025-0023"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mello Garcia, F.R. (2024). Monitoring and mass trapping of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Americas. Management of Fruit Flies in the Americas, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-48608-1"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"SENASICA (2026, January 15). Estrategia operativa para el manejo fitosanitario de la mosca negra del higo, Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae). Available online: https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/cms\/uploads\/attachment\/file\/690628\/Estrategia_operativa_mosca_del_higo_2021_compressed.pdf."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"5","article-title":"Ensaio de atrativos para a captura em massa de Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) e Lonchaea aristella (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), na figueira","volume":"14","author":"Andrade","year":"2008","journal-title":"Boll. Mus. Mun. Funchal. Sup."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"251","article-title":"Evaluation of food attractants for the black fig fly in southern Portugal","volume":"1310","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-del-Castillo, R., C\u00f3rdova-Garc\u00eda, G., P\u00e9rez-Staples, D., Birke, A., Williams, T., and Lasa, R. (2025). Color and attractant preferences of the black fig fly, Silba adipata: Implications for monitoring and mass trapping of this invasive pest. Insects, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16070732"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"991","article-title":"Biological effectiveness of lures for monitoring Silba adipata in figs in Morelos, Mexico","volume":"46","year":"2021","journal-title":"Southwest. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasa, R., and Williams, T. (2021). Does ammonia released from protein-based attractants modulate the capture of Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae)?. Insects, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12020156"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"323","article-title":"Release rate of ammonia-a key component in the attraction of female Mediterranean fruit fly to protein-based food lures","volume":"25","author":"Mazor","year":"2002","journal-title":"IOBC\/WPRS Bull."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biasazin, T.D., Herrera, L., Kimbokota, F., and Dekker, T. (2022). Diverging olfactory sensitivities to yeast volatiles reflect resource partitioning of tephritids and drosophilids. Front. Ecol. Evol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2022.999762"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"144","article-title":"The fig black fly, Lonchaea aristella Beck","volume":"36","author":"Pussard","year":"1950","journal-title":"C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Agric. Fr."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"35","article-title":"Utilization of certain plant extracts and entomopathogenic fungi for controlling the black fig fly, Lonchaea aristella on fig trees","volume":"9","author":"Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) (2018). Trapping Guidelines for Area-Wide Fruit Fly Programmes, International Atomic Energy Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/sites\/default\/files\/trapping-guideline.pdf."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.21930\/rcta.vol13_num2_art:251","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de tres prote\u00ednas hidrolizadas para la captura de adultos de la mosca del bot\u00f3n floral de la pitaya amarilla, Dasiops saltans Townsend (Diptera: Lonchaeidae)","volume":"13","author":"Imbachi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cienc. Tecnol. Agropecu."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-020-00384-5","article-title":"Evaluation of different food attractants for capture of Lonchaeidae (Diptera: Tephritoidea) in passion fruit orchard in southern Santa Catarina state, Brazil","volume":"41","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Soto-Ortiz, R., Avil\u00e9s-Mar\u00edn, S.M., Br\u00edgido-Morales, J.G., and Escobosa-Garc\u00eda, M.I. (2024). Efecto nulo de trampas y cebos en la captura de la mosca negra del higo, Silba adipata. Avances en Agricultura Sostenible y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, Astra Ediciones. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Queiroz, T.S.P. (2019). Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o, fenologia e caprifica\u00e7\u00e3o da figueira cultivar Dauphine e captura em massa de mosco-do-figo. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"De Faveri, S., Vijaysegaran, S., and Cheesman, J. (2024). Area-Wide Management of Methyl Eugenol-Attracted Fruit Flies in Mango: A Systems Approach, ACIAR Monograph No. 222."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank, D.L. (2018). Evaluation of fruit bagging as a pest management option for direct pests of apple. Insects, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects9040178"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2024.1405.3","article-title":"Protected cultivation of fig tree (Ficus carica L.) possibilities and limits","volume":"1405","author":"Mars","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4001\/003.019.0118","article-title":"A survey of the arthropod pests and plant parasitic nematodes associated with commercial figs, Ficus carica (Moraceae), in South Africa","volume":"19","author":"Wohlfarter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"11","article-title":"Nuevos avances en el cultivo de la higuera","volume":"4","author":"Navarro","year":"2023","journal-title":"L\u2019Agr\u00e0ria"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"(2026, January 15). CESAVESIN. Available online: https:\/\/www.cesavesin.mx\/mosca-negra-del-higo-biologia-habitos-prevencion-y-control\/."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Navarro-de-la-Fuente, L., Lasa, R., and Williams, T. (J. Appl. Entomol., 2026). Susceptibility of black fig fly Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) adults to spinosad, abamectin and emamectin benzoate by ingestion, J. Appl. Entomol., submitted."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s12600-020-00869-6","article-title":"Can spinosad be effective for the integrated management of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in soil and fallen fruit, and be compatible with the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Braconidae)?","volume":"49","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytoparasitica"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Al-Azawi, A.F., and Abdulla, L.M. (1983, January 20\u201325). Soil treatment with insecticides to control the fig fruit fly. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Protection 1983, Volume 2, Plant Protection for Human Welfare, Brighton, UK."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Bellotti, A.C., and van Schoonhoven, A. (1977). World distribution, identification, and control of cassava pests. Proceedings of the Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, International Development Centre IRC. Cali, Colombia 1976."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.37486\/0301-8059.v5i2.80","article-title":"Ensaio de campo de combate \u00e0 \u201cbroca dos brotos da mandioca\u201d Silba pendula (Bezzi, 1919)","volume":"5","author":"Franco","year":"1976","journal-title":"An. Soc. Entomol. Bras."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09670874.2010.506223","article-title":"The relationship of farm surroundings and local infestation pressure to pest management in cultivated Passiflora species in Colombia?","volume":"57","author":"Wyckhuys","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pest Manag."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Davila, A.G. (1989). Umbrales de acci\u00f3n para el control qu\u00edmico de la mosca del chile dulce Neosilba sp. (Diptera: Lonchaeidae). [Master\u2019s Thesis, Centro Agron\u00f3mico Tropical de Investigaci\u00f3n y Ense\u00f1anza CATIE]. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.catie.ac.cr\/handle\/11554\/5614."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"57","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de cuatro insecticidas para el control de la mosca del chile Neosilba spp. (Diptera: Lonchasidae), bajo dos sistemas de manejo","volume":"20\u201321","author":"Blanco","year":"1991","journal-title":"Manejo Integr. Plagas"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"77","article-title":"Insecticidas bot\u00e1nicos una alternativa para el control de la mosca del aj\u00ed (Neosilba pendula) en la comunidad de San Pedro del Zapallar, Chuquisaca Bolivia","volume":"3","author":"Cardozo","year":"2014","journal-title":"CienciAgro"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2015.06.004","article-title":"Interaction between ants and the Mediterranean fruit fly: New insights for biological control","volume":"90","author":"Campolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/19.1.148","article-title":"Predation on larval and pupal Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) by the ant Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and others predators in Guatemala","volume":"19","author":"Eskafi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"108389","article-title":"Predation of fruit fly larvae Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) by ants in grove","volume":"2012","author":"Fernandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psyche"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"61","article-title":"Predation on the soil inhabiting stages of the Mexican fruit fly","volume":"20","author":"Thomas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Southwest. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.14393\/BJ-v35n3a2019-41728","article-title":"Can ants contribute to the conservative biological control of the South American fruit fly","volume":"35","author":"Abeijon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1603\/0046-225X-34.6.1507","article-title":"Behavior and predation of fruit fly larvae (Anastrepha spp.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) after exiting fruit in four types of habitats in tropical Veracruz, Mexico","volume":"34","author":"Aluja","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-013-0487-9","article-title":"Population dynamics of Dasiops inedulis (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) and its biotic and abiotic mortality factors in Colombian sweet passionfruit orchards","volume":"86","author":"Carrero","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2022.104865","article-title":"Releases of the parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae for augmentative biological control of spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii","volume":"168","author":"Hogg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2004.04.019","article-title":"The ectoparasitic pupal parasitoid, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), attacks other primary tephritid fruit fly parasitoids: Host expansion and potential non-target impact","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012013","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1346\/1\/012013","article-title":"The role of Hymenoptera parasitoids as mortality factors of Silba adipata McAlpine on cayenne pepper plants: Parasitism and distribution patterns","volume":"1346","author":"Widaningsih","year":"2024","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1126","DOI":"10.12741\/ebrasilis.v18.e1126","article-title":"First report of Neosilba glaberrima (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) infesting corn (Zea mays L.) ears in organic farming system in the Neotropical region","volume":"18","author":"Coelho","year":"2025","journal-title":"EntomoBrasilis"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1653\/024.094.0305","article-title":"Native larval parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of frugivorous Tephritoidea (Diptera) in south pantanal region, Brazil","volume":"94","author":"Faccenda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fla. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26037","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-3921.pab2019.v54.26037","article-title":"Biological control of fruit flies in Brazil","volume":"54","author":"Paranhos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pesq. Agropec. Bras."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Larramendy, M.L., and Soloneski, S. (2012). Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea): Biology, host plants, natural enemies, and the implications to their natural control. Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control\u2014Current and Future Tactics, InTech."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.2307\/3496405","article-title":"Native hymenopteran parasitoids associated with Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Seropedica city, R\u00edo de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"84","author":"Menezes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fla. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"391","article-title":"On the biology of Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) parasitizing pupae of the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Egypt","volume":"18","author":"Agamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Egypt J. Biol. Pest Control"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"e5","article-title":"Evaluating the quality of the Mexican fruit-fly, Anastrepha ludens, as host for the parasitoid Melittobia digitata","volume":"1","author":"Aluja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Entomologia"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"598","article-title":"Biology of Eurytoma sivinskii, an unusual Eurytomid (Hymenoptera) parasitoid of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) pupae","volume":"91","author":"Sivinski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fla. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1006\/bcon.1997.0597","article-title":"The bionomics of Coptera haywardi (Ogloblin) (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) and other pupal parasitoids of Tephritid fruit flies (Diptera)","volume":"11","author":"Sivinski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.13244","article-title":"Review of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes as biological control agents of tephritid fruit flies: Current status and a future vision","volume":"171","author":"Shaurub","year":"2023","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493(2007)100[291:HTOBBI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Horizontal transmission of Beauveria bassiana in Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) under laboratory and field cage conditions","volume":"100","author":"Toledo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12608","article-title":"Pathogenicity of three formulations of Beauveria bassiana and efficacy of autoinoculation devices and sterile fruit fly males for dissemination of conidia for the control of Ceratitis capitata","volume":"164","author":"Toledo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1653\/024.100.0302","article-title":"Infection of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) adults during emergence from soil treated with Beauveria bassiana under various texture, humidity, and temperature conditions","volume":"100","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fla. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/09583157.2019.1691716","article-title":"Applying local entomopathogenic fungi strains to the soil can control Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Wiedemann adults","volume":"30","author":"Gava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.2017.1418578","article-title":"The use of fungal entomopathogens as endophytes in biological control: A review","volume":"110","author":"Vega","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-015-9695-y","article-title":"Entomopathogenic nematodes against the main guava insect pests","volume":"61","author":"Dolinski","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/09583150500089049","article-title":"Infection of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) under laboratory and field conditions","volume":"15","author":"Toledo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.2006.00412.x","article-title":"Infection of Anastrepha ludens following soil applications of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in mango orchard","volume":"119","author":"Toledo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"(2026, January 18). Anses 2023. FlyPack  Ficus Trap. Available online: https:\/\/www.anses.fr\/system\/files\/phyto\/evaluations\/FLYPACKFICUS_PAMM_2023-1765_PARTA.pdf."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/jen.12905","article-title":"RNAi in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Successes and challenges","volume":"145","author":"Maktura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1127\/entomologia\/4118","article-title":"Novel genetic controls and biotechnologies to facilitate the management of insect pests","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Entomol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485319000853","article-title":"Tephritidae fruit fly gut microbiome diversity, function and potential for applications","volume":"110","author":"Raza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scolari, F., Valerio, F., Benelli, G., Papadopoulos, N.T., and Van\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1, L. (2021). Tephritid fruit fly semiochemicals: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Insects, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12050408"},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Fountain, M., and Pope, T. (2023). Advances in techniques for trapping crop insect pests. Advances in Monitoring of Native and Invasive Insect Pests of Crops, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/3\/247\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T14:16:08Z","timestamp":1772115368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/3\/247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["insects17030247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects17030247","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]}}}