{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T15:18:00Z","timestamp":1773760680001,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the face of increasing pressure on agriculture and the effects of climate change, as well as the increasing popularity of Western foods, the enhancement of local food resources stands out as an essential strategy to strengthen food security and to slow down the erosion of traditions. Buprestid beetles are customarily consumed by some people in Togo, but these beetles remain poorly documented. This study explores the nutritional value of Buprestids consumed in Ecological Zone I of Togo. In total 630 individuals representing 7 ethnic groups from 14 localities, with 45 respondents in each, were interviewed. Buprestids were collected in the surveyed areas for identification, and specimens of Sternocera interrupta (Olivier, 1790) were specifically selected for biochemical analyses. Ash, amino and fatty acids, vitamins and fibre contents were determined using AOAC and AFNOR methods. Mineral content was determined by spectrophotometry; fatty acid composition by gas chromatography and amino acid composition by Biochrom 30+ analyzer. The results show that three species of Buprestids are still consumed in Togo, but that this practice is becoming increasingly rare among younger people. The decline can be attributed to a combination of ecological, sociocultural, and economic factors. The analysis of S. interrupta revealed the following composition (dry weight): 58.02 \u00b1 0.18% protein, 6.63 \u00b1 0.28% lipid, and 12.81 \u00b1 0.49% fibre. From a micronutritional standpoint, the species is rich in vitamins and minerals, highlighting the need to conserve Buprestids for their nutritional value and role in food security amidst ecological transition, as well as their contribution to biodiversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17030320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T14:30:32Z","timestamp":1773671432000},"page":"320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Buprestid Beetles of Togo: Ecological, Sociocultural, and Nutritional Impacts of a High Quality Food Source"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4167-977X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e8gbaw\u00e8","family":"Badanaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 la Nutrition et \u00e0 l\u2019Alimentation, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Lom\u00e9, Lom\u00e9 B.P. 1515, Togo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1531-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Benno","family":"Meyer-Rochow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, FIN-90570 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054010","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab154b","article-title":"The effects of climate extremes on global agricultural yields","volume":"14","author":"Vogel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8268.12678","article-title":"Effet du changement climatique sur la production vivri\u00e8re au Togo","volume":"35","author":"Balaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afr. Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Adeodun, A. (2024, March 25). Climate Change Threatens Africa\u2019s Agriculture and Food Security. The African Spectator. Available online: https:\/\/spectator.africa\/2024\/11\/21\/climate-change-threatens-africas-agriculture-and-food-security\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Hlophe Ginindza, S.N., and Mpandeli, N.S. (2020). The role of small-scale farmers in ensuring food security in Africa. The Role of Small-Scale Farmers in Ensuring Food Security in Africa, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultan, B., and Gaetani, M. (2016). Agriculture in West Africa in the twenty-first century: Climate change and impacts scenarios, and potential for adaptation. Front. Plant Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01262"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sithole, A., and Olorunfemi, O.D. (2024). Sustainable agricultural practices in Sub Saharan Africa: A review of adoption trends, impacts, and challenges among smallholder farmers. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16229766"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud, B. (2021). Food Security in Africa, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.77894"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frimpong, F., Peprah, O.C., Amankwaa-Yeboah, P., Danquah, E.O., Ribeiro, P., Aidoo, A.K., Agyeman, K., Asante, M.O.O., Keteku, A., and Botey, H.M. (2023). Water smart farming: Review of strategies, technologies, and practices for sustainable agricultural water management in a changing climate in West Africa. Sustain. Food Sys., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1110179"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"34","article-title":"Drought tolerant crop varieties for sustainable agriculture in West Africa: Challenges and perspectives","volume":"276","author":"Diallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-012-0395-y","article-title":"Rising temperatures explain past immigration of the thermophilic oak inhabiting beetle Coraebus florentinus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in southwest Germany","volume":"22","author":"Buse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18195\/issn.0312-3162.30(1).2015.001-011","article-title":"Behaviour of the Australian fire beetle, Merimna atrata (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) on burnt ashes after bushfires","volume":"30","author":"Schmitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rec. West. Aust. Mus."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"17","article-title":"Fine-structure of the compound eye of the buprestid beetle Curis caloptera (Coleoptera; Buprestidae)","volume":"98","author":"Gokan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Z. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-7-5","article-title":"Practices of entomophagy and entomotherapy by members of the Nyishi and Galo tribes, two ethnic groups of the state of Arunachal Pradesh (North-East-India)","volume":"7","author":"Chakravorty","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-9-50","article-title":"Comparative survey of entomophagy and entomotherapeutic practices in six tribes of Eastern Arunachal Pradesh (India)","volume":"9","author":"Chakravorty","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Affaton, P. (1990). Le Bassin Des Volta (Afrique de l\u2019Ouest): Une Marge Passive d\u2019\u00e2ge Prot\u00e9rozo\u00efque Sup\u00e9rieur, Tectonis\u00e9e au Panafricain (600 \u00b1 50 Ma), \u00c9ditions de l\u2019ORSTOM."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Awlegou, D.K. (2022). Analyse Economique de L\u2019effet du Changement Climatique Sur la Demande D\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 au Togo: Application du Mod\u00e8le ARDL. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Lom\u00e9]."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"46","article-title":"Importance socio \u00e9conomique des produits forestiers non ligneux dans la r\u00e9gion des savanes du Togo","volume":"12","author":"Kpeglo","year":"2024","journal-title":"REMAV"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"563","article-title":"Parcs agroforestiers et s\u00e9questration du carbone en zone tropicale soudanienne du Togo","volume":"7","author":"Folega","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Marocaine Sci. Agron. V\u00e9t."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"29","article-title":"Syst\u00e8mes agroforestiers de la r\u00e9gion des Plateaux du Togo","volume":"12","author":"Atakpama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leal Filho, W., Adamson, K., Dunk, R., Azeiteiro, U., Illingworth, S., and Alves, F. (2016). Changes in land cover categories within Oti-K\u00e9ran-Mandouri (OKM) complex in Togo (West Africa) between 1987 and 2013. Implementing Climate Change Adaptation in Cities and Communities, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28591-7"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"307","article-title":"Tamarindus indica L. (Fabaceae) in ecological zone I of Togo: Use value and vulnerability","volume":"14","author":"Samarou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Adv. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Badanaro, F. (2015). Les Insectes Comestibles au Togo: Ethnoentomologie et Potentiel Nutritionnel. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Lom\u00e9]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.9734\/ejnfs\/2024\/v16i71484","article-title":"Aquatic insects consumed in Togo: Diversity and nutritional potential","volume":"16","author":"Badanaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"AFNOR (1985). Aliments des Animaux. M\u00e9thodes d\u2019Analyse Fran\u00e7aises et Communautaires: Recueil de Normes Fran\u00e7aises, AFNOR."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulos, S., T\u00e4nnler, A., and Nystr\u00f6m, L. (2020). Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for edible insects on the Swiss market: T. molitor, A. domesticus, and L. migratoria. Front. Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00089"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"FAO\/INFOODS (2019). Table de Composition des Aliments FAO\/INFOODS Pour l\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Pauwels, J.M., Van Ranst, E., Verloo, M., and Mvondo, Z.A. (1992). Manuel de laboratoire de p\u00e9dologie. M\u00e9thodes D\u2019analyses de Sols de Plantes, \u00c9quipement, Gestion de Stocks de Verrerie et de Produits Chimiques, Publications Agricoles."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"AOCS (1998). Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists\u2019 Society, AOCS. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2000). Huiles et Graisses Animales et V\u00e9g\u00e9tales. Pr\u00e9paration Des Esters M\u00e9thyliques D\u2019acides Gras (Standard No. ISO 5509-2000)."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(98)00721-3","article-title":"Hydrolysis and amino acid composition analysis of proteins","volume":"826","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"WHO\/FAO\/UN (1983). Energy and Protein Requirements: Report of a Joint FAO\/WHO\/UN Expert Consultation."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, AOAC. [15th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2016.07.001","article-title":"Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptra: Formicidae) and Odontotermes sp. (Isoptera: Termitidae): Two preferred edible insects of Arunachal Pradesh, India","volume":"19","author":"Chakravorty","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2017.04.003","article-title":"Nutritional composition of five commercial edible insects in South Korea","volume":"20","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"ANSES (2021). Actualisation des R\u00e9f\u00e9rences Nutritionnelles en Vitamines et Min\u00e9raux Pour la Population Fran\u00e7aise: Rapport d\u2019Expertise Collective."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2016.03.008","article-title":"Nutritional value and chemical composition of larvae, pupae, and adults of worker honey bee, Apis mellifera ligustica as a sustainable food source","volume":"19","author":"Ghosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"15","article-title":"Local taxonomy and terminology for some terrestrial arthropods in five ethnic groups of Papua New Guinea and Central Australia","volume":"58","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. West. Aust."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"FAO (2004). Contribution des Insectes de la For\u00eat \u00e0 la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Alimentaire: L\u2019exemple des Chenilles d\u2019Afrique Centrale (Programme des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux)."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Youth knowledge on the utilization of edible insects as food and feed","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric.-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Consumption of edible insects: The challenges and the prospects","volume":"3","author":"Abdullahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matandirotya, N.R., Filho, W.L., Mahed, G., Maseko, B., and Murandu, C.V. (2022). Edible insects consumption in Africa towards environmental health and sustainable food systems: A bibliometric study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214823"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1163\/15685314-04702003","article-title":"Insects as food in Laos and Thailand\u2014 a case of \u201cWesternization\u201d?","volume":"47","author":"Mueller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Van Huis, A., Van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., and Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"261","article-title":"Can insects help to ease the problem of world food shortage?","volume":"6","year":"1975","journal-title":"Search"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ordo\u00f1ez Araque, R., Quishpillo Miranda, N., and Ramos Guerrero, L. (2022). Edible insects for humans and animals: Nutritional composition and an option for mitigating environmental damage. Insects, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13100944"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D.D., Li, Y., Nguyen, X.T., Song, R.J., Ho, Y.L., Hu, F.B., Willett, W.C., Wilson, P.W.F., Cho, K., and Gaziano, J.M. (2022). Dietary sodium and potassium intake and risk of non fatal cardiovascular diseases: The Million Veteran Program. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14051121"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520220107","article-title":"Effect of dietary calcium: Phosphorus ratio on bone mineralization and intestinal calcium absorption in ovariectomized rats","volume":"22","author":"Koshihara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.05.009","article-title":"Association between a calcium to magnesium ratio and osteoporosis among Puerto Rican adults","volume":"153","author":"Fouhy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:2001100","article-title":"The apports nutritionnels conseill\u00e9s (ANC) for the French population","volume":"41","author":"Martin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orkusz, A. (2021). Edible insects versus meat nutritional comparison: Knowledge of their composition is the key to good health. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041207"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.5851\/kosfa.2019.e53","article-title":"Edible insects as a protein source: A review of public perception, processing technology, and research trends","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci. Anim. Resour."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2014.03.007","article-title":"Nutritional composition of Chondacris rosea and Brachytrupes orientalis: Two common insects used as food by tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, India","volume":"17","author":"Chakravorty","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.111468","article-title":"The effectiveness of policies for reducing dietary trans fat: A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"91","author":"Downs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198805123181905","article-title":"Effect of dietary stearic acid on plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels","volume":"318","author":"Bonanome","year":"1988","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.14182FP","article-title":"Oleic acid stimulates glucose uptake into adipocytes by enhancing insulin receptor signaling","volume":"126","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"109","article-title":"Fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of beef and chicken meat in southern Brazil","volume":"42","author":"Perassolo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ci\u00eanc. Farm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omachi, D.O., Aryee, A.N.A., and Onuh, J.O. (2024). Functional lipids and cardiovascular disease reduction: A concise review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152453"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2018.09.005","article-title":"Regulation of platelet function and thrombosis by omega 3 and omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"139","author":"Adili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2010). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA J., 8, 1461.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1461"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy041","article-title":"Dietary fiber intervention on gut microbiota composition in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"So","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2013.791194","article-title":"The effect of fiber on satiety and food intake: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1159\/000104144","article-title":"Human gastric juice contains chitinase that can degrade chitin","volume":"51","author":"Paoletti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac223","article-title":"Absorption of iron from edible house crickets: A randomized crossover stable-isotope study in humans","volume":"116","author":"Mwangi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/3\/320\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T12:59:38Z","timestamp":1773752378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/3\/320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["insects17030320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects17030320","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]}}}