{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:19:22Z","timestamp":1775197162656,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32271286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32271286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32172414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SQ2023YFA1600106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQ2023YFA1600106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20221510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20221510"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chongming Project of HeYe Health Technology","award":["HYCMP-2025019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HYCMP-2025019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frataxin is a conserved mitochondrial protein essential for cellular iron\u2013sulfur (Fe\u2013S) cluster biogenesis and oxidative balance, with its deficiency causing Friedreich\u2019s ataxia in humans. The hypomagnetic field (HMF), an environmental stressor known to influence oxidative stress and neurodevelopment, may interact with such inherent metabolic vulnerabilities. This study investigated whether HMF exposure exacerbates Fe\u2013S homeostasis and oxidative disruption in a Drosophila melanogaster model of frataxin deficiency. Using synchrotron radiation-based X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) spectroscopy for in situ elemental analysis in live tissues, we found that HMF significantly altered iron distribution and content in a tissue-specific manner. In frataxin-silenced brains, HMF decreased iron distribution but increased total iron content, whereas in eyes it reduced iron content. Sulfur content decreased in frataxin-deficient eyes but increased in brains under HMF, though its spatial distribution was unchanged. Critically, HMF elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in frataxin-deficient brains. Transcriptomic analysis identified 202 differentially expressed genes under HMF in frataxin-silenced flies, including key regulators of iron metabolism and oxidative stress pathways. These findings demonstrate that HMF disrupts tissue-specific iron and sulfur homeostasis and intensifies oxidative stress in a frataxin-deficient insect system, underscoring its role as an environmental factor capable of aggravating metabolic fragility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17040373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T08:08:34Z","timestamp":1775030914000},"page":"373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hypomagnetic Field Exposure Alters Iron\u2013Sulfur Homeostasis and Oxidative Balance in a Frataxin-Deficient Insect System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hui-Ming","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7011-1318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gui-Jun","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0088-151X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Zheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4523-6546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Dong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5319.1709","article-title":"Regulation of mitochondrial iron accumulation by Yfh1p, a putative homolog of frataxin","volume":"276","author":"Babcock","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.embor918","article-title":"An interaction between frataxin and Isu1\/Nfs1 that is crucial for Fe\/S cluster synthesis on Isu1","volume":"4","author":"Gerber","year":"2003","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmucker, S., Martelli, A., Colin, F., Page, A., Wattenhofer-Donz\u00e9, M., Reutenauer, L., and Puccio, H. 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