{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T09:15:11Z","timestamp":1778577311329,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Autonomous Region Key Research and Development Program","award":["2024B03043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024B03043"]}]},{"name":"Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation Youth Fund","award":["2024D01B49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024D01B49"]}]},{"name":"Third Comprehensive Scientific Expedition to Xinjiang","award":["2022xjkk0603-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk0603-2"]}]},{"name":"Autonomous Region Tianshan Talents Programme for Young Doctoral Researchers"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Morphological traits, as core components of functional traits, are fundamental in determining environmental adaptability. However, under climate warming, the adaptive morphological changes and associated ecological risks of locust populations migrating to higher altitudes remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated Calliptamus italicus, the dominant locust species in the desert steppes of the Ili River Basin, to explore the response patterns of its morphological functional traits along an altitudinal gradient and their relationships with environmental factors. Morphological measurements revealed that forewing area, width, and length, as well as hindwing width, exhibited highly significant positive correlations with altitude (p &lt; 0.01); in contrast, body length, head width, head height, pronotum length, pronotum width, hind femur length, and hind tibia length displayed significant negative correlations with altitude (p &lt; 0.05). All morphological indicators presented highly significant sexual dimorphism (p &lt; 0.001). Ratio analysis showed that the pronotum width-to-head width ratio (M\/C), pronotum height-to-head width ratio (H\/C), and forewing length-to-hind tibia length ratio (E\/F) were significantly positively correlated with the altitudinal gradient (p &lt; 0.05), with all ratios exhibiting significant sexual differences (p &lt; 0.05). Random Forest analysis showed that PC1 (75.5% of variation) reflected traits for feeding, jumping, and reproduction, whereas PC2 (5.6%) represented flight-related traits, with significant sexual dimorphism. This study demonstrates that trait variation in C. italicus along an altitudinal gradient is closely linked to environmental factors. Our findings provide critical data for predicting habitat adaptation responses in locust populations, thereby enhancing the precision and efficacy of locust plague management and contributing to the conservation and restoration of desert steppe ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17050445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T14:29:03Z","timestamp":1776868143000},"page":"445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Patterns of Altitudinal Gradient Differentiation in the Morphological Traits of Calliptamus italicus (L.) (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) and Their Environmental Driving Mechanisms in the Desert Steppe in the Ili River Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Adilaimu","family":"Abulaiti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Environment Biodiversity Application and Regulation in Xinjiang, International Center for the Collaborative Management of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Tacheng Research Field (Migratory Biology), Observation and Research Station of Xinjiang Tacheng, Tacheng 834700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Environment Biodiversity Application and Regulation in Xinjiang, International Center for the Collaborative Management of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Tacheng Research Field (Migratory Biology), Observation and Research Station of Xinjiang Tacheng, Tacheng 834700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Environment Biodiversity Application and Regulation in Xinjiang, International Center for the Collaborative Management of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Tacheng Research Field (Migratory Biology), Observation and Research Station of Xinjiang Tacheng, Tacheng 834700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Environment Biodiversity Application and Regulation in Xinjiang, International Center for the Collaborative Management of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Tacheng Research Field (Migratory Biology), Observation and Research Station of Xinjiang Tacheng, Tacheng 834700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuhui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Environment Biodiversity Application and Regulation in Xinjiang, International Center for the Collaborative Management of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Tacheng Research Field (Migratory Biology), Observation and Research Station of Xinjiang Tacheng, Tacheng 834700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanxin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Environment Biodiversity Application and Regulation in Xinjiang, International Center for the Collaborative Management of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Tacheng Research Field (Migratory Biology), Observation and Research Station of Xinjiang Tacheng, Tacheng 834700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Environment Biodiversity Application and Regulation in Xinjiang, International Center for the Collaborative Management of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Tacheng Research Field (Migratory Biology), Observation and Research Station of Xinjiang Tacheng, Tacheng 834700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiya","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Environment Biodiversity Application and Regulation in Xinjiang, International Center for the Collaborative Management of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Tacheng Research Field (Migratory Biology), Observation and Research Station of Xinjiang Tacheng, Tacheng 834700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Environment Biodiversity Application and Regulation in Xinjiang, International Center for the Collaborative Management of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Tacheng Research Field (Migratory Biology), Observation and Research Station of Xinjiang Tacheng, Tacheng 834700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changji University Office, Changji University, Changji 831100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3258-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Jashenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urumqi Meteorological Bureau, Urumqi 830063, China"},{"name":"Urumqi Pastoral Meteorological Experimental Station Central Tianshan Grassland Ecology Monitoring Laboratory, Urumqi 830063, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8150-9586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huixia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Environment Biodiversity Application and Regulation in Xinjiang, International Center for the Collaborative Management of Cross-Border Pests in Central Asia, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830017, China"},{"name":"Tacheng Research Field (Migratory Biology), Observation and Research Station of Xinjiang Tacheng, Tacheng 834700, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011118-112500","article-title":"Locust and Grasshopper Management","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. 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