{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:44:52Z","timestamp":1777938292261,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPq-INCT-EM"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Welcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["207486\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207486\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yellow fever (YF) is an infectious disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), an arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes of the Culicidae family and affects both humans and non-human primates (NHPs). This study aimed to investigate the sylvatic Culicidae fauna and the occurrence of natural YFV infection in a microregion of southern Santa Catarina, Brazil, an area recently affected by a sylvatic YF outbreak. Entomological collections were conducted between January and February 2023 in five municipalities with confirmed viral circulation. Natural YFV infection was assessed using RT-LAMP. A total of 4352 female culicids were collected, representing at least 32 species, including several key sylvatic YFV vectors. Haemagogus leucocelaenus was identified in all sampled municipalities, whereas Haemagogus (Haemagogus) janthinomys Dyar, 1921, historically considered the primary vector of sylvatic YFV in Brazil, was not detected. Mosquitoes from the genera Aedes Meigen, 1818; Haemagogus Williston, 1896; Psorophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827; and Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827 were tested for YFV. Only one pool, composed of Sabethes albiprivus, tested positive, yielding a minimum infection rate (MIR) of 11.6. This is the first record of natural YFV infection in Sa. albiprivus in southern Brazil, and only the third record globally, highlighting its potential role as a secondary vector in maintaining viral circulation in sylvatic environments. Based on species presence and abundance, Hg. leucocelaenus is likely to have acted as the primary YFV vector in the study area. The composition of the culicid fauna, coupled with the detection of YFV in sylvatic vectors, indicates an ongoing epidemiological risk. These findings underscore the need to strengthen entomological surveillance and expand YF vaccination coverage in affected and neighbouring regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17050464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:20:25Z","timestamp":1777551625000},"page":"464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing the Sylvatic Yellow Fever Vectors in Southern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4484-6764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina Fernandes","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88037-000, SC, Brazil"},{"name":"Secretaria da Sa\u00fade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Diretoria de Vigil\u00e2ncia Epidemiol\u00f3gica, Florian\u00f3polis 88015-130, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2151-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa Akemi Oliveira","family":"Kikuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88037-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7996-4544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre Akira Gonzaga","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88037-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iara Carolini","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88037-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Victor Costa","family":"Guesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88037-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7190-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maycon Sebasti\u00e3o Alberto Santos","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozo\u00e1rios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2043-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinair","family":"Couto-Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozo\u00e1rios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata Rispoli","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secretaria da Sa\u00fade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Diretoria de Vigil\u00e2ncia Epidemiol\u00f3gica, Florian\u00f3polis 88015-130, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1840-1115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josiane Somariva","family":"Prophiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (PPGCS), Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubar\u00e3o 88704-900, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 N\u00f3brega","family":"Pitaluga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Entomologia Molecular, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Rio de Janeiro 21945-970, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa Damazio Pitaluga","family":"Rona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Gen\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88037-000, SC, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Entomologia Molecular, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Rio de Janeiro 21945-970, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Harbach, R.E. 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