{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:03:31Z","timestamp":1780459411284,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["CARS-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding insect survival and developmental characteristics in sublethal carbon dioxide (0.25\u20134%), which could exist in stored grain, is beneficial to scientific pest management. The survival, developmental duration, oviposition, and life table parameters of Cynaeus angustus (LeConte) were measured with carbon dioxide at 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% in air, respectively, and 0.04% as a control. The developmental duration at 4% of carbon dioxide was 87 days versus 90 days in control at 23 \u00b0C, 79 days versus 85 days in control at 28 \u00b0C. The generation survival rate varied from 77% to 69% at 23 \u00b0C, and from 81% to 74% at 28 \u00b0C in the concentrations. The number of eggs laid per female reduced from 28 in the control to 19 in 4% of carbon dioxide. The sex ratio decreased from 1.19 and 1.21 to below 1.0 at 4% of carbon dioxide at the tested temperatures. Life table parameters (T, R0, r, \u03bb) were significantly decreased at and above 0.5% carbon dioxide at 23 \u00b0C; r and \u03bb were significantly decreased at 2% carbon dioxide at 28 \u00b0C. Carbon dioxide above 0.25% or 0.5% significantly affected the survival and development, which may affect fumigation or controlled atmosphere with this sublethal carbon dioxide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17060576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:37:26Z","timestamp":1780454246000},"page":"576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of Sublethal Carbon Dioxide on Biological Characteristics and Life Table Parameters of Cynaeus angustus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ruotong","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grain Storage and Logistics National Engineering Research Center, National Grain Industry (Storage Insect Pest Control) Technology Innovation Center, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grain Storage and Logistics National Engineering Research Center, National Grain Industry (Storage Insect Pest Control) Technology Innovation Center, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grain Storage and Logistics National Engineering Research Center, National Grain Industry (Storage Insect Pest Control) Technology Innovation Center, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8297-7388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grain Storage and Logistics National Engineering Research Center, National Grain Industry (Storage Insect Pest Control) Technology Innovation Center, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanyi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grain Storage and Logistics National Engineering Research Center, National Grain Industry (Storage Insect Pest Control) Technology Innovation Center, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaozhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grain Storage and Logistics National Engineering Research Center, National Grain Industry (Storage Insect Pest Control) Technology Innovation Center, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1127\/entomologia\/2915","article-title":"Monitoring of stored product insects and decision support systems at the post-harvest stages of durable agricultural commodities: A review","volume":"45","author":"Athanassiou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Entomolgia Gen."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2025.102804","article-title":"Influence of commodity type and temperature on the population growth of Trogoderma granarium Everts and Trogoderma variabile Ballion (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)","volume":"115","author":"Baliota","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011019-025047","article-title":"Resistance to the fumigant phosphine and its management in insect pests of stored products: A global perspective","volume":"65","author":"Nayak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2023.102195","article-title":"Life table parameters of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) reared on nine rainfed barley cultivars","volume":"104","author":"Javanmard","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2025.102740","article-title":"Influence of temperature and relative humidity on the combined efficacy of insecticides and diatomaceous earth for the control of Trogoderma granarium on rough rice","volume":"114","author":"Bukhari","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jian, L., Yang, Y., Xie, S., Lou, Y., Chen, L., Dai, F., Agrafioti, P., Cao, Y., Athanassiou, C.G., and Li, C. (2025). Life table parameters and digestive enzyme activity of Araecerus fasciculatus (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) feeding on different stored products. Insects, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16040428"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2023.102213","article-title":"Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the development of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) reared on noodles","volume":"105","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"121","article-title":"Effects of relative humidity on the development, reproduction and population growth of Araecerus fasciculatus (Coleoptera: Anthribidae)","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafeiriadis, S., Baliota, G.V., and Athanassiou, C.G. (2023). Effect of temperature and moisture content on population growth of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Agronomy, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13102535"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donga, T.K., and Baributsa, D. (2023). Effect of temperature and insect infestation levels on oxygen depletion in hermetic storage. Insects, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14070621"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42347","article-title":"Review of monitoring systems for stored grains in a modified atmosphere","volume":"11","author":"Campo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Yaninek, J.S., and Baributsa, D. (2024). Hand warmer-induced hypoxia accelerates pest control in hermetic storage. Insects, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15100821"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2023.06.008","article-title":"Early detection of quality alterations in corn grains stored in vertical prototype silos using real-time monitoring of carbon dioxide and equilibrium moisture content","volume":"140","author":"Coradi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12647-016-0202-4","article-title":"Carbon dioxide respiration rates in wheat at various temperatures and moisture contents","volume":"32","author":"Gailius","year":"2017","journal-title":"MAPAN"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2014.07.002","article-title":"A site-directed CO2 detection method for monitoring the spoilage of stored grains by insects and fungi in Chinese horizontal warehouses","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaa081","article-title":"Synergism between phosphine (PH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2): Implications for managing phosphine resistance in rusty grain beetle","volume":"113","author":"Constantin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/ieae015","article-title":"Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of modified atmosphere responses in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2017.05.005","article-title":"Feasibility of quantifying population density of stored product insects in airtight grain storage using CO2 concentration measurements","volume":"73","author":"Chotikasatian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2010.05.002","article-title":"Development of a carbon dioxide sensor for grain quality monitoring","volume":"106","author":"Neethirajan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70186","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.70186","article-title":"Concentration of CO2 in hermetic and non-hermetic storage and effects on insects, fungi and oil quality of corn grain","volume":"48","author":"Mabasso","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2011.05.004","article-title":"Gas concentration in the interstitial atmosphere of a wheat silo-bag. Part I: Model development and validation","volume":"47","author":"Abalone","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2022.101950","article-title":"Integrated approach on stored grain quality management with CO2 monitoring: A review","volume":"96","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e279894","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-1929\/agriambi.v28n8e279894","article-title":"CO2 levels, technical breakage and quality of maize grains stored under different conditions","volume":"28","author":"Souza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Eng. Agr\u00edc. Ambient."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2019.03.002","article-title":"Predicting soybean losses using carbon dioxide monitoring during storage in silo bags","volume":"82","author":"Taher","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2021.05.009","article-title":"Study and modelling of respiration of corn seeds (Zea mays L.) during hermetic storage","volume":"208","author":"Abalone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/24.3.640","article-title":"Toxicity of carbon dioxide at biologically producible levels to stored-product beetles","volume":"24","author":"White","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2023.102204","article-title":"Comparison of mortality, pupation and emergence of Plodia interpunctella (H\u00fcbner) treated with 2\u20138% carbon dioxide mixed with oxygen at three temperatures","volume":"104","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Lambkin, T.A. (2001). Toxicity of phosphine in combination with 5% and 10% carbon dioxide against all stages of phosphine-resistant Rhyzopertha dominica. Proceedings of the International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products, Executive Printing Services."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"503","article-title":"Synergistic effect of phosphine and carbon dioxide on the mortality of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in paddy","volume":"10","author":"Meenatchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"219","article-title":"F\u00f6rv\u00e4xling av arterna i sl\u00e4ktet Cynaeus LeConte, 1866, i Sverige och Finland (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)","volume":"123","author":"Ferrer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Entomol. Tidskr."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"53","article-title":"Cynaeus angustus (LeConte, 1851), nouveau pour le Haut-Rhin, une esp\u00e8ce en nette expansion (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)","volume":"69","author":"Soldati","year":"2013","journal-title":"L\u2019Entomologiste"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/74.6.726","article-title":"Emergence of the larger black flour beetle as a major pest of farm-stored grain in Minnesota","volume":"74","author":"Barak","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2307\/2844721","article-title":"Geographical distribution of Cynaeus angustus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and its association with stored products","volume":"9","author":"Dunkel","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.31610\/zsr\/2016.25.2.291","article-title":"First record of the larger black flour beetle Cynaeus angustus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from Russia","volume":"25","author":"Kovalenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zoosyst. Ross."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28494","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28494","article-title":"DNA barcoding and PCR-based identification of six Tribolium pests of stored products","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5656\/KSAE.2017.05.1.081","article-title":"First report of the stored grain pest Cynaeus angustus (LeConte) in Korea","volume":"56","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"95","article-title":"Cynaeus angustus (LeConte, 1851)\u2014A new adventive species for Brandenburg, Germany","volume":"19","author":"Eichler","year":"2017","journal-title":"M\u00e4rk. Entomol. Nachr."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"102","article-title":"Dacne picta and Cynaeus angustus\u2014Two beetle species new to the fauna of Poland","volume":"36","author":"Ruta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiad. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"134","article-title":"Faunistic records from the Czech Republic\u2014Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae","volume":"53","year":"2017","journal-title":"Klapalekiana"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"89","article-title":"Cynaeus angustus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), a new alien beetle in Romania","volume":"64","author":"Pintilioaie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trav. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. \u201cGrigore Antipa\u201d"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rkman, C., and Niemel\u00e4, P. (2015). Climate change and insect pest distribution range. Climate Change and Insect Pests, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781780643786.0000"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/80.2.184","article-title":"Bioenergetics of Cynaeus angustus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) feeding on stored corn","volume":"80","author":"White","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Chi, H. (2015). TWOSEX-MSChart: A computer program for the age-stage, two-sex life table analysis. Zenodo."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/17.1.26","article-title":"Life-table analysis incorporating both sexes and variable development rates among individuals","volume":"17","author":"Chi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"107309","article-title":"Life table parameters, consumption and frass production of Plodia interpunctella on Turkish hazelnut cultivars","volume":"174","author":"Chi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2021.101898","article-title":"Different cereal grains affect demographic traits and digestive enzyme activity of Rhyzopertha dominica","volume":"95","author":"Naseri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2022.102011","article-title":"Oviposition preference and population growth of Callosobruchus maculatus on legume grains","volume":"99","author":"Mansouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2021.101887","article-title":"Feeding substrate and temperature determine infestations by Oryzaephilus surinamensis","volume":"94","author":"Hashem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2020.101612","article-title":"Developmental and reproductive biology of Oryzaephilus surinamensis on seven commodities","volume":"87","author":"Nika","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4276","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7639","article-title":"Damage caused by Callosobruchus maculatus depends on cowpea genotype","volume":"96","author":"Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2013.08.009","article-title":"CO2 enhances hypoxia effects on mortality and development of Callosobruchus maculatus","volume":"59","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2012.01.001","article-title":"Performance of Brevicoryne brassicae on ornamental cabbages grown under CO2-enriched atmospheres","volume":"15","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-5214(95)00055-0","article-title":"The effects of temperature and humidity on oviposition and developmental period of Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel)","volume":"8","author":"Lale","year":"1996","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2018.12.001","article-title":"Influence of different non-grain commodities on the population growth of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)","volume":"81","author":"Kavallieratos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2004.02.003","article-title":"Effect of suboptimal temperatures and sublethal CO2 levels on multiplication of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), alone or competing with Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae)","volume":"41","author":"Hulasare","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2021.101771","article-title":"Modified atmosphere pretreatment affects emergence of Callosobruchus maculatus","volume":"91","author":"Pascua","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485319000361","article-title":"Survival physiology and sex ratio of Dendroctonus armandi during overwintering","volume":"110","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2019.07.002","article-title":"Susceptibility of ethiopian wheat varieties to granary weevil and rice weevil infestation at optimal and sub-optimal temperatures","volume":"83","author":"Kalsa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Luo, Y., Wang, L., Sun, D., Wang, Y., Zhou, J., Luo, B., Liu, H., Yan, R., and Wang, L. (2025). Advancements in life tables applied to integrated pest management with an emphasis on two-sex life tables. Insects, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16030261"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-474X(84)90004-3","article-title":"the effects of atmospheres containing 5\u201320% oxygen with and without 10% carbon dioxide on the productivity of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and T. confusum Du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)","volume":"20","author":"Spratt","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skourti, A., Kavallieratos, N.G., and Papanikolaou, N.E. (2020). How is fitness of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) affected when different developmental stages are exposed to chlorfenapyr?. Insects, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11080542"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1653\/024.102.0111","article-title":"Biological and reproductive parameters of Tribolium castaneum in Brazil nut","volume":"102","author":"Pires","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fla. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s13355-025-00936-6","article-title":"Comparison of flight behaviors among laboratory and field strains in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) using a simple method to measure flight ability","volume":"61","author":"Sone","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2024.102358","article-title":"Physiological changes of Plodia interpunctella larvae exposed to hypoxia with carbon dioxide","volume":"108","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-016-9375-6","article-title":"Development and body mass response of Tribolium castaneum to daily temperature fluctuations","volume":"43","author":"Kramarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Sambaraju, K.R. (2007). Studies on Factors Affecting Behavior, Ecology, and Reproductive Success of the Indianmeal Moth, Plodia interpunctella (H\u00fcbner). [Ph.D. Thesis, West Texas A&M University]."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/6\/576\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T03:15:15Z","timestamp":1780456515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/6\/576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["insects17060576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects17060576","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]}}}