{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:40:46Z","timestamp":1785404446183,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Start-up Funds for Openly-recruited Doctors of Gansu Agricultural University","award":["GAU-KYQD-2023-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAU-KYQD-2023-19"]}]},{"award":["GAU-KYQD-2023-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAU-KYQD-2023-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05ym42410","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Youth Science and Technology Fund","award":["26JRRA648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26JRRA648"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Fund of Gansu Universities","award":["2024A-057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A-057"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) is a destructive phloem-feeding pest of alfalfa. Its overreliance on chemical insecticides necessitates the development of sustainable, plant-based resistance strategies. Plant flavonoids are important in induced defense, but their dynamic responses to aphid feeding and subsequent insecticidal effects remain unclear. Using the highly resistant alfalfa variety \u2018Gannong No. 5\u2019 (GN5), this study integrated behavioral assays, performance bioassays, untargeted and targeted metabolomics, and exogenous flavonoid feeding assays to investigate how pea aphid infestation alters flavonoid metabolism and thereby affects aphid performance. Bioassays confirmed strong antibiosis of GN5 against A. pisum. Behavioral choice assays showed that, at 2 h post-release, aphids significantly avoided plants pre-infested for 12 h and 48 h, but not those pre-infested for 24 h; by 8 h post-release, they significantly avoided all pre-infested plants regardless of infestation duration. Prolonged pre-infestation (48 h) also reduced average fecundity per female. Non-targeted metabolomics revealed substantial metabolic reprogramming after 48 h of aphid feeding, with most flavonoids and isoflavonoids significantly upregulated. Targeted metabolomics identified 28 flavonoids, among which only sakuranetin and chrysin were significantly upregulated after 48 h, indicating their specific induction. Finally, performance bioassays confirmed insecticidal effects in a concentration-dependent manner: sakuranetin at 0.1 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL reduced reproduction, and at 10.0 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL reduced survival; chrysin at 0.1 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL reduced both survival and reproduction. Collectively, these results demonstrate that pea aphid feeding triggers the induction of specific defensive flavonoids in GN5, which may contribute to antibiosis. This study provides a theoretical basis for exploring flavonoid-based approaches in sustainable aphid management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17070679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:50:37Z","timestamp":1782867037000},"page":"679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolomics-Based Analysis Reveals Flavonoid-Mediated Defence in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa \u2018Gannong No. 5\u2019) Against Pea Aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) Infestation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2075-8586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhan-Zi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin-Zhe","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Wen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sen-Shan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7572-5768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan-Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/jipm\/pmaa016","article-title":"Biology, ecology, and management strategies for pea aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in pulse crops","volume":"11","author":"Sandhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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