{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:59:25Z","timestamp":1785416365666,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFA0805800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA0805800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32330026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32330026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32300990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32300990"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32330026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32330026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32300990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32300990"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025ZNSFSC0988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZNSFSC0988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drosophila melanogaster, widely known as the fruit fly, has emerged as a pivotal model organism for studying development and signaling transduction. Its fully sequenced genome, short generation time, and powerful genetic toolkit\u2014including the Gal4\/UAS system, RNA interference, and CRISPR-Cas9\u2014enable precise, tissue-specific manipulation and high-throughput functional analyses. Despite differences in anatomy, the internal organ systems of Drosophila melanogaster, including the nervous system, heart, fat body, oenocytes, and nephrocytes, exhibit conserved molecular pathways and physiological functions comparable to those of humans. The morphological differences between invertebrates and vertebrates have long led researchers to undervalue the studies of insects in underlying the pathogenesis of human diseases. Over the past decades, the fruit fly has been widely validated for modeling the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, metabolic, renal, and muscular disorders. In this review, we systematically summarize the conserved molecular pathways and organ functions between the fruit fly and human, and provide examples of recent studies that use the fruit fly as a model system to answer questions associated with human diseases. We also discuss how Drosophila help researchers to fulfill the gap from mechanistic study toward translational research, and provide methodological considerations regarding the utility of Drosophila models in drug screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17070681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:50:37Z","timestamp":1782867037000},"page":"681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Credit to the Fruit Fly: How the Tiny Insect Lights Up Our Understanding of Human Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4996-8325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yansong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Center of RNA Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Peking University Chengdu Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Biotechnologies, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7008-691X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Center of RNA Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Center of RNA Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan Jian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Center of RNA Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Peking University Chengdu Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Biotechnologies, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8077-0130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Center of RNA Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/287795a0","article-title":"Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila","volume":"287","author":"Wieschaus","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/276565a0","article-title":"A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila","volume":"276","author":"Lewis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-70303-8","article-title":"Behavioral screening defines the molecular Parkinsonism-related subgroups in Drosophila","volume":"17","author":"Kaempf","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. 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