{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:17:05Z","timestamp":1785428225524,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001358","name":"National Environment Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TS275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TS275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001358","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TS275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TS275"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00z4nbg03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Singapore, indoor space spraying, such as ultra-low-volume (ULV) treatment, is used to control adult mosquitoes during vector-borne disease outbreaks. This study assessed the efficacy of Mirakn\u00ae GX, a pyrethroid-based insecticide formulation combining d,d-trans-cyphenothrin with desiccated carbon dioxide as a propellant. The implications of these findings for operational use will be discussed. Mirakn\u00ae GX was evaluated against confined field and laboratory strains of Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus under semi-field conditions, following World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. This study was conducted within an occupied residential apartment unit. An additional evaluation focusing on Ae. aegypti, designed to mimic operational practice, was performed using a reduced exposure duration of 10 min. At an application rate of 1 g\/m3 with 60 min exposure, 100% knockdown and 99.79\u2013100% mortality were observed across all three mosquito species. A shortened 10 min exposure also resulted in complete knockdown and mortality in both laboratory and field strains of Ae. aegypti, supporting operational feasibility. Under semi-field conditions, the insecticide formulation showed good penetration into enclosed spaces, indicating its potential use for scenarios where timely management of indoor adult mosquitoes is required, including during outbreaks to kill infected mosquitoes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17070716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T14:14:25Z","timestamp":1783692865000},"page":"716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Unique Desiccated Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Formulation of d,d-trans-Cyphenothrin, Mirakn\u00ae GX: A Novel Alternative to Indoor Ultra-Low-Volume Spraying"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Suzanna","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way, #06-05\/08, Helios Block, Singapore 138667, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sook-Cheng","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way, #06-05\/08, Helios Block, Singapore 138667, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sin-Ying","family":"Koou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way, #06-05\/08, Helios Block, Singapore 138667, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Zulkefli","family":"Abdol Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Regional Office, National Environment Agency, 174 Sin Ming Drive, Singapore 575715, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee-Ching","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way, #06-05\/08, Helios Block, Singapore 138667, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore 117549, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheong-Huat","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way, #06-05\/08, Helios Block, Singapore 138667, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145117","article-title":"The effects of maximum ambient temperature and heatwaves on dengue infections in the tropical city-state of Singapore\u2013A time series analysis","volume":"775","author":"Seah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01666-y","article-title":"Geographical clusters of dengue outbreak in Singapore during the COVID-19 nationwide lockdown of 2020","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, S.H., Lim, J.T., Ong, J., Hapuarachchi, H.C., Sim, S., and Ng, L.C. (2023). Singapore\u2019s 5 decades of dengue prevention and control\u2014Implications for global dengue control. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011400"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S397407","article-title":"Singapore\u2019s dengue outbreak amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges, responses, and lessons","volume":"16","author":"Cheema","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30448-0","article-title":"Zika virus has arrived in Singapore","volume":"16","author":"Leo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30249-9","article-title":"Outbreak of Zika virus infection in Singapore: An epidemiological, entomological, virological, and clinical analysis","volume":"17","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105020","article-title":"Case report: Zika surveillance complemented with wastewater and mosquito testing","volume":"101","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ebiomedicine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.01.001","article-title":"Feeding strategies of anthropophilic mosquitoes result in increased risk of pathogen transmission","volume":"28","author":"Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajarethinam, J., Ong, J., Neo, Z.-W., Ng, L.-C., and Aik, J. (2020). Distribution and seasonal fluctuations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larval and pupae in residential areas in an urban landscape. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008209"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0819","article-title":"Dengue in Singapore from 2004 to 2016: Cyclical epidemic patterns dominated by serotypes 1 and 2","volume":"99","author":"Rajarethinam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim, S., Ng, L.C., Lindsay, S.W., and Wilson, A.L. (2020). A greener vision for vector control: The example of the Singapore dengue control programme. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008428"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Consortium, P.W.S., and Ching, N.L. (2021). Wolbachia-mediated sterility suppresses Aedes aegypti populations in the urban tropics. medRxiv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pryce, J., Choi, L., Richardson, M., and Malone, D. (1996). Insecticide space spraying for preventing malaria transmission. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2018.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012689.pub2"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0471-0","article-title":"Insecticide resistance and its underlying mechanisms in field populations of Aedes aegypti adults (Diptera: Culicidae) in Singapore","volume":"7","author":"Koou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13113","article-title":"Pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) from Singapore","volume":"51","author":"Koou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"670","article-title":"Bioassay and biochemical studies of the status of pirimiphos-methyl and cypermethrin resistance in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Singapore","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"6377","article-title":"The impact of carbon dioxide in stored-product insect treatment with phosphine","volume":"11","author":"Valizadegan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"169","article-title":"Efficacy of ozone mixed with carbon dioxide on the mortality of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) inside food packaging","volume":"11","author":"Golestan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Munis Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2010.05.005","article-title":"The use of carbon dioxide at high pressure to control nine stored-product pests","volume":"46","author":"Riudavets","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142420","article-title":"The abundance of Culex mosquito vectors for West Nile Virus and other flaviviruses: A time-series analysis of rainfall and temperature dependence in Singapore","volume":"754","author":"Soh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-020-02059-9","article-title":"Effect of meteorological factors on Culex mosquitoes in Singapore: A time series analysis","volume":"65","author":"Seah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0377","article-title":"Detection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Culex Mosquitoes in Singapore","volume":"103","author":"Yap","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3501-0","article-title":"Serological evidence of continued Japanese encephalitis virus transmission in Singapore nearly three decades after end of pig farming","volume":"12","author":"Yap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezza, G. (2012). Aedes albopictus and the reemergence of Dengue. BMC Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-72"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1603\/ME13213","article-title":"Feeding host range of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) demonstrates its opportunistic host-seeking behavior in rural Singapore","volume":"51","author":"Kek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (2004). Report of the Seventh WHOPES Working Group Meeting, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"241","article-title":"Efficacy of Cyphenothrin (Gokilaht\u00ae-S 5% EC) as space spray against mosquitoes in sentinel cages","volume":"46","author":"Mittal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Singapore Department of Statistics (2026, July 01). Population and Population Structure, Available online: https:\/\/www.singstat.gov.sg\/find-data\/explore-data-themes\/population\/population-and-population-structure\/latest-news-data."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Singapore Department of Statistics (2026, July 01). Resident Households, Available online: https:\/\/www.singstat.gov.sg\/find-data\/explore-data-themes\/households\/resident-households\/latest-news-data."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aik, J., Neo, Z.W., Rajarethinam, J., Chio, K., Lam, W.M., and Ng, L.-C. (2019). The effectiveness of inspections on reported mosquito larval habitats in households: A case-control study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007492"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1469-6","article-title":"Membrane feeding of dengue patient\u2019s blood as a substitute for direct skin feeding in studying Aedes-dengue virus interaction","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand I. Background; geographic distribution; lists of genera, subgenera, and species; and a key to the genera","volume":"36","author":"Rattanarithikul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4624.3.9","article-title":"Identification key to the genera of adult female mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Singapore","volume":"4624","author":"Yeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (2009). Guidelines for Efficacy Testing of Insecticides for Indoor and Outdoor Ground-Applied Space Spray Applications, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"203","article-title":"Evaluation of a \u201cfogging\u201d canister for indoor elimination of adult Aedes aegypti","volume":"33","author":"Pang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dengue Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, December 01). Mosquito Control at Home, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mosquitoes\/mosquito-control\/mosquito-control-at-home.html."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104340","article-title":"Global Trends in the Use of Insecticides to Control Vector-Borne Diseases","volume":"120","author":"Zaim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Berg, H., Velayudhan, R., and Yadav, R.S. (2021). Management of insecticides for use in disease vector control: Lessons from six countries in Asia and the Middle East. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009358"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasai, S., Komagata, O., Itokawa, K., Shono, T., Ng, L.C., Kobayashi, M., and Tomita, T. (2014). Mechanisms of Pyrethroid Resistance in the Dengue Mosquito Vector, Aedes aegypti: Target Site Insensitivity, Penetration, and Metabolism. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002948"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2016.03.005","article-title":"Pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: Important mosquito vectors of human diseases","volume":"133","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65655","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65655","article-title":"The need for practical insecticide-resistance guidelines to effectively inform mosquito-borne disease control programs","volume":"10","author":"Namias","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2009.00029.x","article-title":"Irritability and repellency of synthetic pyrethroids on an Aedes aegypti population from Thailand","volume":"34","author":"Mongkalangoon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"WHO (2017). WHO Specifications and Evaluations for Public Health Pesticides: d,d,trans-Cyphenothrin, WHO."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2008.03.001","article-title":"Insect spiracle as the main penetration route of pyrethroids","volume":"91","author":"Sugiura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gou, Y.-P., Quandahor, P., Mao, L., Li, C.-C., Zhou, J.-J., and Liu, C.-Z. (2022). Responses of fungi maggot (Bradysia impatiens Johannsen) to allyl isothiocyanate and high CO2. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.879401"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s41348-025-01140-y","article-title":"Integrating inert dusts with carbon dioxide as an ecofriendly approach for the control of Trogoderma granarium everts","volume":"132","author":"Gad","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Plant Dis. Prot."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/63.3.691","article-title":"Spiracular responses of Aedes mosquitoes to carbon dioxide and oxygen","volume":"63","author":"Krafsur","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098575","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3098575","article-title":"Insecticide Resistance Associated with kdr Mutations in Aedes albopictus: An Update on Worldwide Evidences","volume":"2018","author":"Auteri","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2022.105172","article-title":"Novel real-time PCR assay detects widespread distribution of knock down resistance (kdr) mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, in Thailand","volume":"186","author":"Chamnanya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12709","article-title":"First comprehensive report of the resistance of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) to commonly used insecticides in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"Hafez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omotayo, A.I., Dogara, M.M., Sufi, D., Shuaibu, T., Balogun, J., Dawaki, S., Muktar, B., Adeniyi, K., Garba, N., and Namadi, I. (2022). High pyrethroid-resistance intensity in Culex quinquefasciatus (say) (Diptera: Culicidae) populations from Jigawa, north-west, Nigeria. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010525"}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/7\/716\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T04:16:09Z","timestamp":1784175369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/7\/716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["insects17070716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects17070716","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]}}}