{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:02:17Z","timestamp":1784548937965,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Program of the \u201cSirius\u201d Federal Territory \u201cScientific and Technological Development of the \u2018Sirius\u2019 Federal Territory\u201d","award":["24-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Representatives of the genus Dendrolimus are major conifer defoliators whose variable developmental duration complicates phenological forecasting, outbreak prediction, and pest-management timing. This review synthesizes evidence on polymorphism in ontogenetic duration in Dendrolimus and frames it at three levels: intrapopulation, interspecific, and spatial\u2013geographical. We distinguish biological generation time, the interval from oviposition to adult emergence, from calendar span, the number of calendar years occupied by one generation; this distinction is essential for interpreting two- and three-calendar-year cycles. The evidence indicates that diapause is the main physiological mechanism generating alternative developmental trajectories, but its expression is shaped by interacting photoperiodic, thermal, trophic, density-dependent, and physiological factors. The strongest evidence for natural intrapopulation splitting is available for the Siberian moth in which fast and delayed trajectories appear associated with facultative summer diapause, or a diapause-like state. Key gaps remain concerning the induction cues, physiological status, molecular regulation, and field frequency of this state. We argue that models should incorporate delayed fractions, fast\/delayed cohort ratios, and adult-emergence overlap to improve monitoring, forecasting, and control of Dendrolimus pests, especially under climate warming and during the early stages of outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17070738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:44:02Z","timestamp":1784544242000},"page":"738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polymorphism in Ontogenetic Duration in Dendrolimus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae): Diapause, Developmental Variability, and the Role of Facultative Summer Diapause in the Siberian Moth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4702-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalya A.","family":"Zhevnova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Center of Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue 1, Sirius 354340, Krasnodar Krai, Russia"},{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u00abFederal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection\u00bb, Kalinina Str, 62, Krasnodar 350039, Krasnodar Krai, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir V.","family":"Dubatolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Institution \u00abZapovednoe Priamurye\u00bb Serysheva Str. 60, Khabarovsk 680038, Khabarovskii Krai, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze Str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40663-020-00258-9","article-title":"The Siberian moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus), a pest risk assessment for Norway","volume":"7","author":"Rafoss","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. 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