{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:29:19Z","timestamp":1785403759526,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32460863"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32460863"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32060134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32060134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32460863"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32460863"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32060134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32060134"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Honeybees (Apis mellifera), as key pollinating insects, are undergoing population decline, which has become a critical environmental challenge affecting ecosystem stability and sustainable agriculture. Moreover, a potential association exists between the physiological and behavioral responses of honeybees induced by environmental stress and the pathological mechanisms of depression. The pathogenesis of depression remains complex and not fully understood, and a stable animal model is a prerequisite for investigating its mechanisms and screening antidepressants. This study aimed to examine the alterations induced by CUMS and to evaluate behavioral changes related to depression-like phenotypes and neurotransmitter levels in the honeybee brain. The results showed that CUMS treatment induced typical depression-like behaviors and downregulated monoamine neurotransmitters in honeybees, consistent with observations in mammalian depression models. Fluoxetine was found to reverse these abnormalities, further supporting the validity of the model. This study provides a novel tool for depression research, antidepressant screening, and stress-related investigations in pollinators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17080773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:08:14Z","timestamp":1785161294000},"page":"773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Establishment and Validation of a CUMS Model for Depression-like Behavior in Honeybees: A Tool for Pollinator Stress Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1572-0630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuying","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6578-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asgharian, P., Quispe, C., Herrera-Bravo, J., Sabernavaei, M., Hosseini, K., Forouhandeh, H., Ebrahimi, T., Sharafi-Badr, P., Tarhriz, V., and Soofiyani, S.R. (2022). Pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential of natural compounds in neuropsychiatric disorders: An update. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.926607"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.138","article-title":"The epidemiology of major depressive episodes: Results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) Surveys","volume":"12","author":"Andrade","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, May 29). Depressive Disorder (Depression). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/depression."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.6.837","article-title":"Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression","volume":"156","author":"Kendler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00653-0","article-title":"Neurobiology of depression","volume":"34","author":"Nestler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, R.D.D., Rodrigues, A.M., Greg\u00f3rio, M.J., Branco, J.D.C., Gouveia, M.J., Canh\u00e3o, H., and Dias, S.S. (2017). Anxiety and depression in the Portuguese older adults: Prevalence and associated factors. Front. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00196"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20505","article-title":"Nonresponse, partial response, and failure to achieve remission: Humanistic and cost burden in major depressive disorder","volume":"26","author":"Mauskopf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2024.149123","article-title":"The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) Paradigm: Bridging the gap in depression research from bench to bedside","volume":"1843","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2019.1575360","article-title":"Animal models of major depressive disorder and the implications for drug discovery and development","volume":"14","author":"Demin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00187257","article-title":"Reduction of sucrose preference by chronic unpredictable mild stress, and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant","volume":"93","author":"Willner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80194-0","article-title":"Chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia: A realistic animal model of depression","volume":"16","author":"Willner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.12.002","article-title":"Chronic unpredictable mild stress for modeling depression in rodents: Meta-analysis of model reliability","volume":"99","author":"Antoniuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, M., Pinhasov, A., and Ornoy, A. (2021). Animal models of depression: What can they teach us about the human disease?. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010123"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2025.174097","article-title":"Zebrafish models: Charting promising platform and illuminating the depths of depression","volume":"257","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.17816\/RCF202149-156","article-title":"Modeling depression in zebrafish","volume":"20","author":"Galstyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.113906","article-title":"Towards translational modeling of behavioral despair and its treatment in zebrafish","volume":"430","author":"Kositsyn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab092","article-title":"Towards modeling anhedonia and its treatment in zebrafish","volume":"25","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2024.44","article-title":"Anxiolytic-like effects of acute serotonin-releasing agents in zebrafish models of anxiety: Experimental study and systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Landin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071714-033857","article-title":"Zebrafish behavior: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"40","author":"Orger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumbre, G., and de Polavieja, G.G. (2014). The world according to zebrafish: How neural circuits generate behavior. Front. Neural Circuits, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2014.00091"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giansanti, M.G., and Piergentili, R. (2025). Drosophila: A Versatile Model in Biology and Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115032"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moulin, T.C., Ferro, F., Hoyer, A., Cheung, P., Williams, M.J., and Schi\u00f6th, H.B. (2021). The Drosophila melanogaster Levodopa-Induced Depression Model Exhibits Negative Geotaxis Deficits and Differential Gene Expression in Males and Females. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.653470"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-022-03218-1","article-title":"From dyads to collectives: A review of honeybee signalling","volume":"76","author":"Hasenjager","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.05.017","article-title":"Agitated honeybees exhibit pessimistic cognitive biases","volume":"21","author":"Bateson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.03.072","article-title":"An inhibitory signal associated with danger reduces honeybee dopamine levels","volume":"33","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagastume, S., Cilia, G., Henriques, D., Yadr\u00f3, C., Corona, M., Higes, M., Pinto, M.A., Nanetti, A., and Mart\u00edn-Hern\u00e1ndez, R. (2025). Climate change-induced stress in the honey bee Apis mellifera L.\u2014A genetic review. Front. Physiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1623705"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"51057","article-title":"A proboscis extension response protocol for investigating behavioral plasticity in insects: Application to basic, biomedical, and agricultural research","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-014-9498-4","article-title":"Enhanced aggressive behaviour in a mouse model of depression","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2025.174014","article-title":"Drosophila model of depression-like behavior: Systematic investigation of external stress parameters and intrinsic susceptibility","volume":"252","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21401-2","article-title":"Water provisioning increases caged worker bee lifespan and caged worker bees are living half as long as observed 50 years ago","volume":"12","author":"Nearman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urlacher, E., Franc\u00e9s, B., Giurfa, M., and Devaud, J.-M. (2010). An alarm pheromone modulates appetitive olfactory learning in the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Front. Behav. Neurosci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2010.00157"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15738","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15738","article-title":"Serotonin modulates a depression-like state in Drosophila responsive to lithium treatment","volume":"8","author":"Ries","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-005-0624-x","article-title":"Locomotion and the pollen hoarding behavioral syndrome of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)","volume":"191","author":"Humphries","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2020.1759547","article-title":"Stress-mediated hyperactivity and anhedonia resistant to diazepam and fluoxetine in Drosophila","volume":"24","author":"Ramirez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s00040-005-0838-5","article-title":"Intra-colonial variation of the sting extension response in the honey bee Apis mellifera","volume":"53","author":"Lenoir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Insectes Sociaux"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163820","article-title":"Thiacloprid impairs honeybee worker learning and memory with inducing neuronal apoptosis and downregulating memory-related genes","volume":"885","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-01004-x","article-title":"Chronic unpredictable stress induces depression-related behaviors by suppressing AgRP neuron activity","volume":"26","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.06.028","article-title":"The brain on stress: Vulnerability and plasticity of the prefrontal cortex over the life course","volume":"79","author":"McEwen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.11.003","article-title":"A critical review of chronic stress effects on spatial learning and memory","volume":"34","author":"Conrad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0615-x","article-title":"Neuroplasticity in cognitive and psychological mechanisms of depression: An integrative model","volume":"25","author":"Price","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2013-1098","article-title":"Animal models as tools to study the pathophysiology of depression","volume":"35","author":"Abelaira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0011-z","article-title":"Sucrose preference test for measurement of stress-induced anhedonia in mice","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08241-y","article-title":"Understanding the neural code of stress to control anhedonia","volume":"637","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.97.2.107","article-title":"Classical conditioning of proboscis extension in honeybees (Apis mellifera)","volume":"97","author":"Bitterman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.22","article-title":"Surviving threats: Neural circuit and computational implications of a new taxonomy of defensive behaviour","volume":"19","author":"LeDoux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.01.012","article-title":"Cognitive control of escape behaviour","volume":"23","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00428203","article-title":"The tail suspension test: A new method for screening antidepressants in mice","volume":"85","author":"Steru","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.09.018","article-title":"Molecular adaptations underlying susceptibility and resistance to social defeat in brain reward regions","volume":"131","author":"Krishnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241295","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.241295","article-title":"Consistency and individuality of honeybee stinging behaviour across time and social contexts","volume":"12","author":"Kannan","year":"2025","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Incera, A., Nouvian, M., Ried, K., M\u00fcller, T., and Briegel, H.J. (2021). Honeybee communication during collective defence is shaped by predation. BMC Biol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-01028-x"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2011.361","article-title":"A standardized protocol for repeated social defeat stress in mice","volume":"6","author":"Golden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"2282","article-title":"Behavioural pharmacology in classical conditioning of the proboscis extension response in honeybees (Apis mellifera)","volume":"47","author":"Felsenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2360-3","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effect of Bacopaside I in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress by modulating the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis function and activating BDNF signaling pathway","volume":"42","author":"Zu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, M., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z., Liu, D., Shang, Y., Tang, C., Wang, W., Li, H., You, B., and Ying, H. (2025). The pathogenesis and medical treatment of depression: Opportunity and challenge. Neurol. Int., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint17080120"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01738-y","article-title":"Major depressive disorder: Hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(99)00016-7","article-title":"Octopamine in invertebrates","volume":"59","author":"Roeder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10158-005-0001-z","article-title":"Insect octopamine receptors: A new classification scheme based on studies of cloned Drosophila G-protein coupled receptors","volume":"5","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invertebr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03034.x","article-title":"A family of octopamine receptors that specifically induce cyclic AMP production or Ca2+ release in Drosophila melanogaster (Corrected)","volume":"93","author":"Balfanz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schilcher, F., Thamm, M., Strube-Bloss, M., and Scheiner, R. (2021). Opposing actions of octopamine and tyramine on honeybee vision. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11091374"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2020.1790519","article-title":"\u0393-Oryzanol produces an antidepressant-like effect in a chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"24","author":"Araujo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Chen, B., Di, Z., Jiang, S., Xu, H., Shi, M., Hu, R., Sun, S., Song, Z., and Liu, J. (2022). Involvement of kynurenine pathway between inflammation and glutamate in the underlying etiopathology of CUMS-induced depression mouse model. BMC Neurosci., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-022-00746-4"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108179","article-title":"Chronic brain histamine depletion in adult mice induced depression-like behaviours and impaired sleep-wake cycle","volume":"175","author":"Yamada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.20259","article-title":"Biogenic amine levels change in the brains of stressed honeybees","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.05.016","article-title":"Chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behavior and dysregulation of brain levels of biogenic amines in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"351","author":"Araujo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strube-Bloss, M., G\u00fcnzel, P., Nebauer, C.A., and Spaethe, J. (2023). Visual accelerated and olfactory decelerated responses during multimodal learning in honeybees. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1257465"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaea8433","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aea8433","article-title":"Octopamine and tyramine dynamics predict learning rate phenotypes during associative conditioning in honey bees","volume":"12","author":"Sands","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.5.1.146","article-title":"Multiple sites of associative odor learning as revealed by local brain microinjections of octopamine in honeybees","volume":"5","author":"Hammer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-002-0335-5","article-title":"Octopamine modulates responsiveness to foraging-related stimuli in honey bees (Apis mellifera)","volume":"188","author":"Barron","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2013.12.005","article-title":"The role of serotonin in feeding and gut contractions in the honeybee","volume":"61","author":"French","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137357","article-title":"Dopamine-mushroom body circuit regulates saliency-based decision-making in Drosophila","volume":"316","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2025.101376","article-title":"Biogenic amines in honey bee cognition: Neurochemical pathways and stress impacts","volume":"70","author":"Raza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02742-0","article-title":"Reliability of sucrose preference testing following short or no food and water deprivation-a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of rat models of chronic unpredictable stress","volume":"14","author":"Berrio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35163-y","article-title":"Changes in resource perception throughout the foraging visit contribute to task specialization in the honey bee Apis mellifera","volume":"13","author":"Moreno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12107","article-title":"Optimization of food deprivation and sucrose preference test in SD rat model undergoing chronic unpredictable mild stress","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Model Exp. Med."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/8\/773\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:27:38Z","timestamp":1785162458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/8\/773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["insects17080773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects17080773","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]}}}