{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:48:17Z","timestamp":1785775697495,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32172483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32172483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172483"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD1400600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1400600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectively defining an effective choice is crucial for the reliability of results in insect olfactory behavior research. Relying on subjective time thresholds often leads to inconsistent findings, primarily due to the high likelihood of mistaking an accidental intrusion for an effective choice. Our analysis indicated that 29% of preference responses were not consistent among 0 s, 15 s, 30 s, and 60 s, when these thresholds were applied to evaluate the behavioral responses of Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) to 20 odorants in a four-arm olfactometer. This inconsistency arises because subjective thresholds fail to distinguish between accidental, transient entries and sustained, purposeful choices, leading to false positives or false negatives. To address this issue, we compiled a database of the initial stay duration of T. japonicum in the odor zone, and applied the 5th percentile of its empirical distribution\u2014a widely accepted statistical standard for excluding extreme outliers (i.e., accidental brief entries) in medical and biological research\u2014as the threshold to differentiate between accidental intrusion and effective choice. We then systematically assessed the behavioral responses of T. japonicum to 20 odorants and validated the authenticity of olfactory preferences through oviposition choice experiments. A continuous stay of \u226510 s was determined as an effective choice. Based on this criterion, T. japonicum exhibited significant preference for 0.1 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL \u03b1-pinene, 0.01 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL D-limonene and 0.001 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL citral, whereas avoiding 10 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL \u03b2-ionone. The results of the oviposition choice experiments showed high consistency with the olfactory behavioral preferences, confirming the reliability of this standard in predicting its actual host selection decisions. Collectively, this study proposes a data-driven protocol for establishing an objective and stable behavioral criterion in insect olfactory behavior research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17080798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1785772283000},"page":"798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Data-Driven Threshold Standard for Olfactory Behavior: A Case Study with Trichogramma japonicum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"An-Na","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Xin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4401-8830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Xi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 211800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153635","article-title":"Odorant reception in insects: Roles of receptors, binding proteins, and degrading enzymes","volume":"58","author":"Leal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rihani, K., Ferveur, J.-F., and Briand, L. (2021). The 40-Year mystery of insect odorant-binding proteins. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040509"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/19.3.545","article-title":"An insect olfactometer","volume":"19","author":"McIndoo","year":"1926","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent87509-12","article-title":"Host preferences of Drino bohemica Mesn. (Diptera: Tachinidae), with particular reference to olfactory responses","volume":"87","author":"Monteith","year":"1955","journal-title":"Can. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent1021567-12","article-title":"Habitat Selection by the aphid parasite Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and hyperparasite Charips brassicae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)","volume":"102","author":"Read","year":"1970","journal-title":"Can. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.1981.tb00974.x","article-title":"Host searching and oviposition behaviour of some parasitoids of aphidophagous Syrphidae","volume":"6","author":"Rotheray","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ecol. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/3.1.69","article-title":"Erigeron flowers as a food and attractive odor source for Peristenus pseudopallipes, a Braconid parasitoid of the tarnished plant bug","volume":"3","author":"Shahjahan","year":"1974","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent90597-10","article-title":"Factors That affect host finding by Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae)","volume":"90","author":"Wylie","year":"1958","journal-title":"Can. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00338.x","article-title":"An airflow olfactometer for measuring olfactory responses of hymenopterous parasitoids and other small insects","volume":"8","author":"Vet","year":"1983","journal-title":"Physiol. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"241","article-title":"Design, Produce and Apply of four-arm olfactometer for studying insect olfactory behavior","volume":"33","author":"Ding","year":"1996","journal-title":"Entomol. Knowl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03919-2","article-title":"Reverse chemical ecology in a moth: Machine learning on odorant receptors identifies new behaviorally active agonists","volume":"78","author":"Bouysset","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"51241","article-title":"Testing Drosophila olfaction with a Y-maze assay","volume":"88","author":"Simonnet","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6881","article-title":"Visual attraction of the european tarnished plant bug Lygus rugulipennis (Hemiptera: Miridae) to a water trap with LED light in chrysanthemum greenhouses and olfactory attraction to novel compounds in Y-tube tests","volume":"78","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.48130\/TIH-2022-0003","article-title":"Green lacewing Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is a potential biological agent for crapemyrtle bark scale (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) pest management","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2215442119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2215442119","article-title":"Sex pheromone communication in an insect parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae Uchida","volume":"119","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.13208","article-title":"Determining suitable observation times for testing odor preferences of a parasitoid wasp, Cotesia kariyai, using a four-arm olfactometer","volume":"170","author":"Mizuno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, M., Gao, J., Bano, S., Wang, L., Lin, Y., Arthurs, S., Qasim, M., and Mao, R. (2020). Diamondback moth larvae trigger host plant volatiles that lure its adult females for oviposition. Insects, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11110725"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88677-y","article-title":"Oviposition behaviour of Rhagoletis completa on dead end host Cydonia oblonga","volume":"15","author":"Erdei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8036","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08036","article-title":"Octopamine and tyramine respectively regulate attractive and repulsive behavior in locust phase changes","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.13171","article-title":"Pheromones emitted by both female and male moths regulate coordination between the sexes for Agriphila Aeneociliella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)","volume":"30","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005453830961","article-title":"Induction of plant synomones by oviposition of a phytophagous insect","volume":"26","author":"Meiners","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOEC.0000028429.13413.a2","article-title":"Olfactory responses to aphid and host plant volatile releases: (E)-\u03b2-farnesene an effective kairomone for the predator Adalia bipunctata","volume":"30","author":"Francis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00049-005-0320-x","article-title":"Adaptation of a four-arm olfactometer for behavioural bioassays of large beetles","volume":"16","author":"Torre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemoecology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-007-9370-6","article-title":"Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of the multicolored asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, to sesquiterpene semiochemicals","volume":"33","author":"Verheggen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-011-9917-4","article-title":"Volatiles mediating a plant-herbivore-natural enemy interaction in resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars","volume":"37","author":"Michereff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-016-0825-9","article-title":"Behavioral responses of predaceous minute pirate bugs to tridecane, a volatile emitted by the brown marmorated stink bug","volume":"90","author":"Fraga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12555","article-title":"Effects of quantitative and qualitative differences in volatiles from host-and non-host-infested maize on the attraction of the larval parasitoid Cotesia Kariyai","volume":"163","author":"Thanikkul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-019-01088-y","article-title":"Synergistic effects of volatiles from host-infested plants on host-searching behavior in the parasitoid wasp Lytopylus Rufipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koschier, E.H., Dittmann, L., and Spangl, B. (2024). Olfactory responses of Asproparthenis punctiventris Germar to leaf odours of amaranthaceae Plants. Insects, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15040297"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/een.13440","article-title":"OlfactionROOM: An optimised, low-cost olfactometer and easy-to-apply setup to mitigate the escape behaviour of insects","volume":"50","author":"Brunner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2025.102898","article-title":"Behavioural response of Sitophilus zeamais to essential oil-derived compounds","volume":"116","author":"Naves","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb244254","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.244254","article-title":"A comparison of odor plume-tracking behavior of walking and flying insects in different turbulent environments","volume":"226","author":"Talley","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10905-005-9349-5","article-title":"Olfactory responses of Anaphes iole (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) to volatile signals derived from host habitats","volume":"18","author":"Manrique","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Insect Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7827","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70103","article-title":"Identification of compounds from the egg volatiles of asia corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, that attract egg parasitoid, Trichogramma ostriniae","volume":"81","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01053293","article-title":"Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals. VIII. Learning of host-related odors induced by a brief contact experience with host by-products in Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), a Generalist Larval Parasitoid","volume":"2","author":"Turlings","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Insect Behav."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.2010.01010.x","article-title":"Odour masking of tomato volatiles by coriander volatiles in host plant selection of Bemisia tabaci biotype B","volume":"136","author":"Togni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-022-01571-8","article-title":"Downy mildew (Peronospora aestivalis) infection of alfalfa alters the feeding behavior of the Aphid (Therioaphis trifolii) and the chemical characteristics of alfalfa","volume":"96","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babendreier, D., Tang, R., and Horgan, F.G. (2022). Prospects for integrating augmentative and conservation biological control of leaffolders and stemborers in rice. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12122958"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, R., Babendreier, D., Zhang, F., Kang, M., Song, K., and Hou, M.-L. (2017). Assessment of Trichogramma japonicum and T. chilonis as potential biological control agents of yellow stem borer in rice. Insects, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects8010019"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G, B.G., Pandi G, G.P., Ullah, F., Patil, N.B., Sahu, M., Adak, T., Pokhare, S., Yadav, M.K., Mahendiran, A., and Mittapelly, P. (2021). Performance of Trichogramma japonicum under field conditions as a function of the factitious host species used for mass rearing. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256246"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2025.04.066","article-title":"An egg parasitoid assesses host egg quality from afar using oviposition-induced plant volatiles","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2024.109126","article-title":"A Parasitic wasp-releasing engineering to promote ecosystem services in paddy systems","volume":"373","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16408","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c05057","article-title":"Plant immunity inducer-enhanced volatiles in rice: Boosting indirect defense against striped stem borers through parasitoid attraction","volume":"73","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"510","article-title":"Olfactory response of two parasitoids to volatiles release from Brassica alboglabra and Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis","volume":"32","author":"Lv","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(75)90218-8","article-title":"Identification of the female sex pheromones of the moth, Chilo suppressalis","volume":"21","author":"Nesbitt","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1897","article-title":"Structures of sex pheromones of rice stem borer","volume":"40","author":"Ohta","year":"1976","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1303\/aez.18.443","article-title":"Sex pheromone of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (WALKER) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): The third component, z-9-hexadecenal","volume":"18","author":"Tatsuki","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2009.01.001","article-title":"Sex pheromone components of the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), in Indonesia","volume":"12","author":"Kawazu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(80)90570-6","article-title":"Sex pheromone of the asian corn borer moth","volume":"27","author":"Klun","year":"1980","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvx201","article-title":"Field trapping of predaceous insects with synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles in cotton fields","volume":"47","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., Li, D., Dewer, Y., Qu, C., Yang, Z., Tian, J., and Luo, C. (2019). Discrimination of oviposition deterrent volatile \u03b2-ionone by odorant-binding proteins 1 and 4 in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9100563"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-021-10117-3","article-title":"Beta-ionone is a functional plant volatile that attracts the parasitic wasp, Microplitis pallidipes","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Wang, Z. (2022). Attractiveness of Semiochemicals in Orchard Habitat to Trichogramma dendrolimi. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Zhejiang University]."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Wang, J. (2025). Bottom-up Effects of Cadmium on Trichogramma Wasps and Underlying Mechanisms. [Ph.D. Thesis, Nanjing Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00049-018-0254-8","article-title":"Scents in orchards: Floral volatiles of four stone fruit crops and their attractiveness to pollinators","volume":"28","author":"Sporle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemoecology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-98.4.1248","article-title":"Comparison of mating disruption with pesticides for management of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North Carolina apple orchards","volume":"98","author":"Kovanci","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01240635","article-title":"Leaf volatiles and polyphenols in pear trees infested by Psylla pyricola. evidence of simultaneously induced responses","volume":"7","author":"Scutareanu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chemoecology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOEC.0000006671.53045.16","article-title":"Volatiles from Psylla-infested pear trees and their possible involvement in attraction of anthocorid predators","volume":"23","author":"Scutareanu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"595","article-title":"Effects of the volatiles of rice plants fed by Nilaparvata lugens and Chilo suppressalis","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"14","article-title":"Olfactory response of four species of trichogrammatid to kairomones of Corcyra cephalomica (Stainton)","volume":"28","author":"Lv","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. South China Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Bai, S.-X., Wang, Z.-Y., He, K.-L., Wen, L.-P., and Zhou, D.-R. (2004). Olfactory responses of Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen to kairomones from eggs and different stages of female adults of Ostrinia furnacalis (Guen\u00e9e). Acta Entomol. Sin., 48\u201354."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Zar, J.H. (2010). Biostatistical Analysis, Pearson Prentice Hall. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, K., Yang, A.N., Feng, Y.X., Zhang, N., Mei, J., and Li, Y.X. (2026). Host sex pheromones affect parasitization preference of Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). J. Econom. Entomol.","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toag226"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8735","article-title":"Herbivore-induced maize volatiles: Dual functions in repelling fall armyworm and attracting natural enemies","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37046-2","article-title":"Aggregation pheromones have a non-linear effect on oviposition behavior in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"14","author":"Verschut","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2012.10.001","article-title":"The use of percentiles and percentile rank classes in the analysis of bibliometric data: Opportunities and limits","volume":"7","author":"Bornmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Informetr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2019.1583913","article-title":"Moving to a world beyond \u201cp < 0.05.\u201d","volume":"73","author":"Wasserstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.37.5.553","article-title":"On the origins of the .05 level of statistical significance","volume":"37","author":"Cowles","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2007.00027.x","article-title":"Effect Size, Confidence interval and statistical significance: A practical guide for biologists","volume":"82","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12315","article-title":"Detecting and avoiding likely false-positive findings\u2014A practical guide","volume":"92","author":"Forstmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.169","article-title":"Chemical complexity of volatiles from plants induced by multiple attack","volume":"5","author":"Dicke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erb, M., Foresti, N., and Turlings, T.C. (2010). A Tritrophic signal that attracts parasitoids to host-damaged plants withstands disruption by non-host herbivores. BMC Plant Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-10-247"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010814-020620","article-title":"Plant responses to insect egg deposition","volume":"60","author":"Hilker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-009-9692-7","article-title":"Strong attraction of the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris towards minor volatile compounds of maize","volume":"35","author":"Brunner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1126\/science.250.4985.1251","article-title":"Exploitation of herbivore-induced plant odors by host-seeking parasitic wasps","volume":"250","author":"Turlings","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1006\/bcon.1997.0601","article-title":"The general host selection behavior of parasitoid hymenoptera and a comparison of initial strategies utilized by larvaphagous and oophagous species","volume":"11","author":"Vinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arn011","article-title":"Foraging behavior of egg parasitoids exploiting chemical information","volume":"19","author":"Fatouros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"584","article-title":"Olfaction responses of three Trichogramma species to sex pheromone of Chilo suppressalis and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis","volume":"33","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Biol. Control"}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/8\/798\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:08:44Z","timestamp":1785773324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/8\/798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["insects17080798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects17080798","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}}}