{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:47:48Z","timestamp":1786121268507,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31702165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31702165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31971427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["31702165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31702165"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["31971427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971427"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012246","name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of the Ministry of Education","award":["RDZH2019003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDZH2019003"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The melon fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata, and the pumpkin fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae), are important agricultural pests that cause significant losses in a wide range of fruit and vegetable crops. Increasing concerns over pesticide resistance and environmental contamination have driven interest in plant-derived insecticide alternatives. This study investigated the insecticidal activity of Ricinus communis L. leaf extracts against both species. The crude leaf extract was fractionated using solvents of increasing polarity (n-hexane, methanol, and ethyl acetate). The resulting fractions were assessed for insecticidal activity, and the most active fraction was further purified using column chromatography. Chemical constituents were identified using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Bioassay results indicated that the methanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited the highest insecticidal activity against both B. zonata and B. cucurbitae. GC-MS analysis revealed several bioactive constituents in the active fractions, including neophytadiene, fatty acid derivatives, and 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid, which was tentatively identified as a candidate constituent associated with the most active fractions. These findings suggest that R. communis leaf extracts contain bioactive constituents with insecticidal properties against tephritid fruit flies and may contribute to the development of plant-based pest management strategies. However, further work is required to isolate pure compounds and confirm their individual toxicological roles under field conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17080811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:16:22Z","timestamp":1785921382000},"page":"811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insecticidal Activity of Ricinus communis Leaf Extracts Against Bactrocera zonata and Bactrocera cucurbitae: Identification of Potential Bioactive Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7561-3600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasheed","family":"Akbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Faculty of Physical and Applied Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22062, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Manzoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Faculty of Physical and Applied Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22062, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3282-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfana","family":"Lalarukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gul","family":"Makai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Sardar Bahadar Khan Women University, Quetta 86400, Balochistan, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2721-9238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somia","family":"Shehzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Medical Laboratory Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-9340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asif Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8361-1848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6572-1242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmat","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2324-4310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jibiao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.17221\/46\/2024-PPS","article-title":"Toxicity effect of Ricinus communis methanolic extracts against Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae)","volume":"61","author":"Manzoor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Prot. 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