{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:30:16Z","timestamp":1786365016597,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2601100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2601100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"QingLan Project of Yangzhou University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liriomyza trifolii is a global pest of vegetables and ornamental plants and a major invasive species in China. Long-term irrational use of chemical insecticides has reduced control efficacy, driving interest in plant-derived alternatives. Bitter gourd, Momordica charantia, extracts show potential against various pests, but their effects on L. trifolii are unknown. To address this, host suitability tests were first conducted and revealed that L. trifolii exhibited significantly higher adaptability to kidney bean than to bitter gourd in terms of both oviposition and feeding, and failed to complete its life cycle on bitter gourd. Further treatment with ethanol extracts of bitter gourd leaves demonstrated dose-dependent adulticidal activity; at the LC50 concentration, the extract not only reduced feeding punctures and oviposition, but also significantly decreased egg hatching and larval survival, while showing no significant impact on pupation or emergence. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, integrative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were subsequently performed. Transcriptomics identified 254 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation, and peroxisome pathways, and upregulated DEGs included a vitellin-degrading protease and cytochrome P450. Meanwhile, metabolomics detected 272 differential metabolites (DEMs): upregulated metabolites were linked to purine metabolism, while downregulated ones were associated with cysteine\/methionine and arginine\/proline metabolism. Integrated analysis revealed \u201cBiosynthesis of amino acids\u201d as the sole common pathway, with S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate, and glutamine synthetase (Ltr05G008090) showing significant correlations. These findings suggest that reprogramming of amino acid and nitrogen metabolism may participate in the response and could serve as a candidate response pathway. Accordingly, this study may offer a theoretical basis for the future development of botanical insecticides based on bitter gourd leaf extract against L. trifolii.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17080827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T11:38:09Z","timestamp":1786361889000},"page":"827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactivity and Molecular Responses of Bitter Gourd Leaf Extracts Against the Invasive Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3357-4265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya-Wen","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticides, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4452-7125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Zhou","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticides, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010715-023916","article-title":"Invasion and management of agricultural alien insects in China","volume":"61","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Smith, J., and Brown, R. (1973). Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Economic Importance. Series Entomologica, Springer."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kang, L. (1996). Ecology and Sustainable Control of Liriomyza Leafminers, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"108","article-title":"Investigation and molecular detection of Liriomyza trifolii occurrence in Jiangsu Province","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Prot."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"884","article-title":"Occurrence, damage and population dynamics of Liriomyza trifolii and L. sativae in Jiangsu Province","volume":"53","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-121423-013536","article-title":"Interspecific interactions and management of three important invasive leafminer flies of Liriomyza Mik (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in China","volume":"71","author":"Du","year":"2026","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/97.1.112","article-title":"Development and stability of insecticide resistance in the leafminer Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) to cyromazine, abamectin, and spinosad","volume":"97","author":"Ferguson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4591","article-title":"A decade of a leafminer invasion in China: Lessons learned","volume":"73","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407","article-title":"The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management","volume":"52","author":"Cook","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1470","article-title":"Botanical insecticides: For richer, for poorer","volume":"64","author":"Isman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-005-7314-2","article-title":"Environmental and economic costs of the application of pesticides primarily in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Pimentel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.51.110104.151146","article-title":"Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world","volume":"51","author":"Isman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2014.11.014","article-title":"IRAC: Mode of action classification and insecticide resistance management","volume":"121","author":"Sparks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011019-025010","article-title":"Botanical insecticides in the twenty-first century-fulfilling their promise?","volume":"65","author":"Isman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.03.035","article-title":"Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: A review","volume":"93","author":"Grover","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"411","article-title":"Phytotoxicity of leaf extracts of multipurpose trees against insect pests in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) and brinjal (Solanum melongena)","volume":"20","author":"John","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allelopath. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236498","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.236498","article-title":"Momordica charantia L. extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae","volume":"82","author":"Mituiassu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7917.2009.01269.x","article-title":"Momordica charantia trypsin inhibitor II inhibits growth and development of Helicoverpa armigera","volume":"16","author":"Telang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"425","article-title":"Oviposition repellency and antifeedant effects of Momordica charantia volatile oil against Liriomyza sativae","volume":"27","author":"Ren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Guangxi Agric. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"836","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of Momordica charantia leaf extracts on feeding and oviposition behavior of Liriomyza sativae","volume":"20","author":"Ling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2564","article-title":"Effects of cucurbitacin B in six plant leaves on host selection of Liriomyza sativae","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.69.1706","article-title":"Cucurbitane triterpenoid oviposition deterrent from Momordica charantia to the leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii","volume":"69","author":"Mekuria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2006-1-215","article-title":"Cucurbitane glucosides from Momordica charantia leaves as oviposition deterrents to the leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii","volume":"61","author":"Mekuria","year":"2006","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. C"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, Y.W., Chen, J.Y., Lu, M.X., Gao, Y., Tian, Z.H., Gong, W.R., Dong, C.S., and Du, Y.Z. (2017). Cloning and expression of genes encoding heat shock proteins in Liriomyza trifolii and comparison with two congener leafminer species. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181355"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y.L., Reitz, S.R., Wei, Q.B., Yu, W.Y., and Lei, Z.R. (2012). Insecticide-mediated apparent displacement between two invasive species of leafminer fly. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036622"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.260","article-title":"Comparative transcriptome analysis of three invasive leafminer flies provides insights into interspecific competition","volume":"165","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1303\/aez.2005.437","article-title":"Implication of pupal cold tolerance for the northern over-wintering range limit of the leafminer Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in China","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-04208-w","article-title":"Chromosome-level genome assembly of the invasive leafminer fly, Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, Y.W., Chen, J.Y., Lu, M.X., Gao, Y., Tian, Z.H., Gong, W.R., Zhu, W., and Du, Y.Z. (2017). Selection and validation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis under different experimental conditions in the leafminer Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae). PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181862"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.07.007","article-title":"Acaricidal, pediculicidal and larvicidal activity of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles using Momordica charantia leaf extract against blood feeding parasites","volume":"181","author":"Gandhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-021-00486-8","article-title":"Chemical composition of Ricinus communis and Momordica charantia seeds extracts and its bioactivity against the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner)","volume":"41","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-042110-103854","article-title":"Plant defense against herbivores: Chemical aspects","volume":"63","author":"Boland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2005.tb07173.x","article-title":"Total phenolic contents and phenolic acid constituents in 4 varieties of bitter melons (Momordica charantia) and antioxidant activities of their extracts","volume":"70","author":"Horax","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.5296\/jbls.v6i2.8084","article-title":"Composition of water extract from wild bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) fruit for application as antifeedant and mortality test on armyworm larvae (Spodoptera litura Fab.)","volume":"6","author":"Tri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022317432674","article-title":"Antifeedants to armyworms, Spodoptera litura and Pseudaletia separata, from bitter gourd leaves, Momordica charantia","volume":"24","author":"Yasui","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1016\/S1671-2927(08)60404-6","article-title":"Antifeedant activity and active ingredients against Plutella xylostella from Momordica charantia leaves","volume":"7","author":"Ling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2006.09.020","article-title":"Cloning and overexpression of ribosomal protein L39 gene from deltamethrin-resistant Culex pipiens pallens","volume":"115","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14411\/eje.2014.001","article-title":"Identification and abiotic stress response of a glutamine synthetase gene (AccGS) from the Asiatic honeybee, Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae)","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2020.104649","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of Spodoptera litura reveals the molecular mechanism to pyrethroids resistance","volume":"169","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2016.02.005","article-title":"Potential detoxification of gossypol by UDP-glycosyltransferases in the two Heliothine moth species Helicoverpa armigera and Heliothis virescens","volume":"71","author":"Krempl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300439120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2300439120","article-title":"Retrotransposon-mediated evolutionary rewiring of a pathogen response orchestrates a resistance phenotype in an insect host","volume":"120","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2024.104256","article-title":"Histone deacetylases synergistically regulate juvenile hormone signaling in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti","volume":"177","author":"Gaddelapati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130778","article-title":"Immunological regulation by Toll-1 and Sp\u00e4tzle-4 in larval density-dependent prophylaxis of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata","volume":"264","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07226-6","article-title":"CYP6AE gene cluster knockout in Helicoverpa armigera reveals role in detoxification of phytochemicals and insecticides","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2518096122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2518096122","article-title":"Leaf beetles employ tryptophan to detoxify the chemical defenses of poplar trees","volume":"122","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Newsholme, E.A., and Start, C. (1973). Regulation in Metabolism, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"902","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis of Apis cerana cerana in the Changbai Mountain during the overwintering period based on liquid chromatography mass spectrometry","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"235","article-title":"Common phytochemicals are ecdysteroid agonists and antagonists: A possible evolutionary link between vertebrate and invertebrate steroid hormones","volume":"47","author":"Clay","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aiip.2019.01.003","article-title":"Insect prostaglandins and other eicosanoids: From molecular to physiological actions","volume":"56","author":"Stanley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aiip.2020.03.001","article-title":"Symbiotic solutions to nitrogen limitation and amino acid imbalance in insect diets","volume":"58","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Diao, L., Yang, X., Zhao, M., Xi, Y., Liu, Y., Li, W., Wang, G., Fang, M., and Guo, X. (2025). Changes in metabolomics profiles of Propylea japonica in response to acute heat stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104541"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1126\/science.14400","article-title":"Glutamine synthetase: Glial localization in brain","volume":"195","author":"Bell","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Z.L., Zhang, L.L., Zhang, S.R., Zhang, J.Y., Fang, C.Q., Lu, X.P., and Zha, X.F. (2026). Glutamine Synthetase 1 Functions in Spermatogenesis in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Insects, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17020135"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05567-z","article-title":"Characterization of glutamine synthetase involved in the fecundity of Rhopalosiphum padi","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, D., Zhang, M.Y., Zhang, Y.X., Zhang, S.Y., Smagghe, G., and Wang, J.J. (2019). Reduced Glutamine Synthetase Activity Alters the Fecundity of Female Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Insects, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10070186"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21447","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.21447","article-title":"Cytoplasmic glutamine synthetase gene expression regulates larval development in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, X.Y., Yan, J.Y., Yao, Y.L., Wang, Y.B., Visendi, P., Seal, S., and Luan, J.B. (2021). Lysine provisioning by horizontally acquired genes promotes mutual dependence between whitefly and two intracellular symbionts. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010120"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021247","article-title":"Transmethylation reaction is essential for Sarcophaga lectin gene activation","volume":"119","author":"Sugiyama","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2019.103183","article-title":"Inhibition of juvenile hormone synthesis in mosquitoes by the methylation inhibitor 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep)","volume":"113","author":"Nouzova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1039\/b418841c","article-title":"Cucurbitacins and cucurbitane glycosides: Structures and biological activities","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2015.1057843","article-title":"Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) bioactive composition and health benefits: A review","volume":"32","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2017.16374","article-title":"Phytochemical profile and biological activities of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae): A review","volume":"17","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1306","article-title":"Preliminary study on chemical insect resistance of Momordica charantia extracts against Aulacophora indica","volume":"38","author":"Ren","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anhui Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1303\/aez.34.351","article-title":"The effects of rosemary and ginger oils on the alighting behavior of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and on the incidence of yellow spotted streak","volume":"34","author":"Masatoshi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Entomol. Zool."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/8\/827\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T11:50:29Z","timestamp":1786362629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/8\/827"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["insects17080827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects17080827","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]}}}