{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:25:16Z","timestamp":1787030716741,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009232","name":"University of Debrecen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02xf66n48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive species pose increasing threats, particularly in agriculture. Here we assess the open-field distribution, population density, and phenology of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), an invasive pest rapidly expanding its range into open-field habitats in Hungary. Countrywide monitoring using sex pheromone traps was conducted at 23 sites in 2023, complemented with detailed seasonal monitoring at two locations. The results reveal a wide open-field distribution of the pest in Hungary, occurring at 21 of the 23 sampled sites. Population densities were significantly higher in highly urbanised areas, suggesting that warmer climatic conditions enhance colonisation and population growth. Continuous adult flight activity was recorded from May to December, indicating prolonged reproductive activity and overlapping generations. Based on the degree-day requirements (approx. 460 \u00b0C days per generation), five generations per year were expected and detected at two intensively sampled sites. These findings demonstrate a marked shift from the \u201cgreenhouse pest\u201d status toward successful colonisation of open fields, supported by increased overwintering potential. The observed expansion and phenological changes indicate that the climatic conditions of temperate Hungary are increasingly suitable for the persistence of T. absoluta populations outdoors. This study underscores the growing agricultural risk posed by T. absoluta in temperate regions and highlights the importance of early detection and integrated pest management strategies for mitigating its impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17080850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:42:17Z","timestamp":1786974137000},"page":"850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Greenhouse Pest to Open-Field Invader: Widespread Distribution and Phenological Expansion of Tuta\u00a0absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) in Temperate Hungary"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3825-6507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"K\u0151szegi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Department, Major Department of Agriculture, Government Office of Fej\u00e9r County, Orsz\u00e1g Street 23, H-2481 Velence, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi Street 138, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3427-538X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attila S\u00e1ndor","family":"Tak\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Department, Major Department of Agriculture, Government Office of Fej\u00e9r County, Orsz\u00e1g Street 23, H-2481 Velence, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gnes","family":"Balogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Department, Major Department of Agriculture, Government Office of Pest County, Lehel Street 43-47, H-1135 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6531-7031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerg\u0151","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection Product and Fertilizer Assessment, Directorate of Plant Protection, National Food Chain Safety Office, Dayka G\u00e1bor Street 3, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikt\u00f3ria","family":"Szecsk\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Department, Major Department of Agriculture, Government Office of Heves County, Kossuth Lajos Street 9, H-3300 Eger, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1nos","family":"Kutas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Department, Major Department of Agriculture, Government Office of Zala County, Kinizsi P\u00e1l Street 81, H-8900 Zalaegerszeg, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6795-5503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annam\u00e1ria","family":"T\u00fch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Department, Major Department of Agriculture, Government Office of Zala County, Kinizsi P\u00e1l Street 81, H-8900 Zalaegerszeg, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boldizs\u00e1r","family":"V\u00f6r\u00f6s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Department, Major Department of Agriculture, Government Office of B\u00e1cs-Kiskun County, De\u00e1k Ferenc Square 3, H-6000 Kecskem\u00e9t, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Tunyogin\u00e9 B\u00faz\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Department, Major Department of Agriculture, Government Office of Csongr\u00e1d-Csan\u00e1d County, R\u00e1r\u00f3si Street 110, H-6800 H\u00f3dmez\u0151v\u00e1s\u00e1rhely, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"B\u00edr\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Department, Major Department of Agriculture, Government Office of Csongr\u00e1d-Csan\u00e1d County, R\u00e1r\u00f3si Street 110, H-6800 H\u00f3dmez\u0151v\u00e1s\u00e1rhely, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Department, Major Department of Agriculture, Government Office of B\u00e9k\u00e9s County, Szabolcs Street 34, H-5600 B\u00e9k\u00e9scsaba, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Department, Major Department of Agriculture, Government Office of Vas County, Sug\u00e1r Street 9, H-9700 Szombathely, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kitti","family":"Marsai-Mikolics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Department, Major Department of Agriculture, Government Office of Tolna County, Tormay B\u00e9la Street 18, H-7100 Szeksz\u00e1rd, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"Bozs\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Health National Reference Laboratory, Directorate of Food Chain Safety Laboratories, National Food Chain Safety Office, Buda\u00f6rsi Street 141-145, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6089-1218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lepidoptera Collection, Department of Zoology, Hungarian National Museum Public Collection, Hungarian National Museum, Baross Street 13, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1304-817X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antal","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi Street 138, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.9734\/ajee\/2024\/v23i9600","article-title":"Invasive species and biodiversity: Mechanisms, impacts, and strategic management for ecological preservation","volume":"23","author":"Sesay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J. 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