{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:56:51Z","timestamp":1787241411770,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"Austrian Research Promotion Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50451959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50451959"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["50451959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50451959"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/028jc0449","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since Tenebrio molitor L. was approved by the EU as novel food in 2021, food safety is paramount for both chemically and microbiologically safe products. Since T. molitor larvae are reared on substrates mainly based on cereals, mycotoxins and heavy metals may represent a serious risk. However, analyses of mycotoxins and heavy metals are complex and cost-intensive procedures, which may not be affordable for small-scale farmers on a regular basis. To provide a preliminary risk assessment and to add further insights to existing knowledge, this study used a rapid screening method based on MALDI-TOF to identify potentially mycotoxin-producing microfungi. The colony-forming units (CFU) were determined, and the isolated species identified. In addition, aw-values of substrates and meal (four samples, nine repeats each) were determined to assess mycotoxin-related risks. Eight mycobionts were identified, including three potential mycotoxin producers: Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus brasiliensis. Very low CFU counts (&lt;3 \u00d7 103 CFU\/g) and aw-values (0.35\u20130.59) indicate minor risks. LC-MS\/MS mycotoxin analysis of nine samples (varying in source and time point) confirmed concentrations below the limit of detection (LoD): 0.50 \u00b5g\/kg for aflatoxins B1\/B2\/G1\/G2; 50 \u00b5g\/kg for DON\/FuB1\/FuB2; 20 \u00b5g\/kg for HT2\/T2; 150 \u00b5g\/kg for NIV; 1 \u00b5g\/kg for OTA; and 5 \u00b5g\/kg for ZEA. Heavy metal analysis (ICP-OES\/MS) of three substrates and insect meal showed that all six metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Sb, As, Cr) were below the LoD (0.2 mg\/kg), except for Cr in malt residual pellets (0.4 mg\/kg).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17080866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:48:31Z","timestamp":1787219311000},"page":"866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microfungi, Mycotoxins and Heavy Metals in the Mass Rearing of Tenebrio molitor L. Larvae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1601-6852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Rehorska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Applied Production Sciences, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Alte Poststra\u00dfe 149, 8020 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Applied Production Sciences, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Alte Poststra\u00dfe 149, 8020 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Bodrik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Applied Production Sciences, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Alte Poststra\u00dfe 149, 8020 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3699-9149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Lehnhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center Weihenstephan for Brewing and Food Quality, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5642-4919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"Hutzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center Weihenstephan for Brewing and Food Quality, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6485-6727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Gastl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center Weihenstephan for Brewing and Food Quality, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3644-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Renault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoBio (Ecosyst\u00e8mes, Biodiversit\u00e9, \u00c9volution), UMR 6553, CNRS-Universit\u00e9 de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Berner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Applied Production Sciences, University of Applied Sciences FH JOANNEUM, Alte Poststra\u00dfe 149, 8020 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.14324\/111.444.2755-0877.1383","article-title":"Insects on our Plates? 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