{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:18:18Z","timestamp":1787980698457,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAPES\/PROEX","award":["#88887.486327\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#88887.486327\/2020-00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2021\/00766-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2021\/00766-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/09215-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/09215-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/07895-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/07895-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#302952\/2022-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#302952\/2022-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Prope\/UNESP","award":["#03\/2023 PROPE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#03\/2023 PROPE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zethus Fabricius is the largest genus of vespid wasps with over 300 species worldwide that are divided into subgenera and further into species groups. Recent phylogenetic studies raised the number of subgenera from four to nine, six of which are in the Neotropics. However, three Neotropical species groups were not assigned to any subgenus due to lack of node support. The Zethus spinosus species group is such a case and, while previously inserted in the nominotypical subgenus, it was recovered closer to Zethus (Zethusculus), but with no support. Thus, a phylogenetic parsimony analysis of morphological data of the group was carried out with better ingroup and outgroup sampling for testing to find a more robust resolution for the group\u2019s placement. We recovered the Zethus spinosus group as monophyletic and as a sister group of Zethus (Zethusculus). In both cases, it was not only unique synapomorphies that supported the clades, but symmetric resampling also recovered significantly better values. Therefore, to maintain all taxa monophyletic, a new subgenus, \u201cZethus (Zethittus)\u201d Cruciol &amp; Lopes, subg. n., is described to accommodate the Zethus spinosus group. Additionally, a new species, Zethus (Zethittus) ramphoceros Cruciol &amp; Lopes, sp. nov. from Brazil is described herein. The present study also provides a new record of Zethus semiplanus Cruciol et al. (2026).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17090898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:00:35Z","timestamp":1787821235000},"page":"898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cladistics of the Zethus spinosus de Saussure Species Group: A New Subgenus of Zethus Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ana Helena","family":"Cruciol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Letras e Ci\u00eancias Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0207-1067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Barbosa","family":"Noll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Letras e Ci\u00eancias Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rog\u00e9rio Botion","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus de Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Arapiraca 57309-005, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Carpenter, J.M., and Marques, O.M. (2001). Contribui\u00e7\u00e3o ao Estudo dos Vesp\u00eddes do Brasil (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Vespoidea, Vespidae), Universidade Federal da Bahia."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hermes, M.G., and Somavilla, A. (2023, January 18). Vespidae, Cat\u00e1logo Taxon\u00f4mico da Fauna do Brasil, Available online: http:\/\/fauna.jbrj.gov.br\/fauna\/faunadobrasil\/7345."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"de Saussure, H. (1855). \u00c9tudes sur la Famille des Vespides. III. La Monographie des Masariens et un Suppl\u00e9ment \u00e0 la Monographie des Eum\u00e9niens, J. Cherbuliez."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Saussure, H. (1875). Synopsis of American Wasps: Solitary Wasps, Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.40443"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1163\/1876312X-00002165","article-title":"Cladistic analysis of the Zethus (Zethoides) Fox, 1899 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) species groups with insights on the current subgeneric classification of Zethus Fabricius, 1804","volume":"49","author":"Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insect Syst. Evol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Revision of the Genus Zethus Fabricius in the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae)","volume":"Volume 40","author":"Bohart","year":"1965","journal-title":"University of California Publications in Entomology"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"19","article-title":"Revisione delle specie etiopiche e malgasce della sottofamiglia Discoeliinae (Hym.)","volume":"30","author":"Soika","year":"1979","journal-title":"Boll. Mus. Stor. Nat. 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Version 1.00.08."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.12160","article-title":"TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics","volume":"32","author":"Goloboff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.1993.tb00209.x","article-title":"Estimating character weights during tree search","volume":"9","author":"Goloboff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.2008.00209.x","article-title":"Weighting against homoplasy improves phylogenetic analysis of morphological data sets","volume":"24","author":"Goloboff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3784.2.7","article-title":"Notes on the Neotropical Zethus Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) with the description of two new species from Brazil","volume":"3784","author":"Lopes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00376.x","article-title":"Improvements to resampling measures of group support","volume":"19","author":"Goloboff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cladistics"}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/9\/898\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:29:28Z","timestamp":1787977768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/9\/898"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["insects17090898"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects17090898","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]}}}