{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:21:48Z","timestamp":1788268908022,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gansu Agricultural University Research Fund Program","award":["GAU-JZ-2026-022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAU-JZ-2026-022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carboxylesterases (CarEs) are detoxification enzymes that play important roles in xenobiotic metabolism and host adaptation in the polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus truncatus. However, the specific carboxylesterase proteins involved in host plant detoxification in Tetranychus truncatus remain poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE), and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) in T. truncatus reared on three host plants\u2014common bean, cucumber, and jujube. CarE activity was significantly higher in mites fed on jujube, while CYP450 content increased in mites fed on cucumber. GST activity did not differ significantly among the three host plants, indicating that different hosts induce distinct detoxification responses in T. truncatus. Expression profiling of 24 CarE genes revealed that the carboxylesterase gene TtCarE-4 exhibited the strongest host-specific response, with expression levels 8-fold and 160-fold higher on jujube than on bean and cucumber, respectively, consistent with changes in total CarE enzyme activity. RNAi-mediated silencing of TtCarE-4 reduced its transcript abundance by 32.8%, significantly increased mite mortality, and decreased female fecundity. Off-target analysis indicated that the gene is specifically targeted to T. truncatus and is safe for non-target organisms such as natural enemies. This study provides new insights into the physiological mechanisms of host adaptation in spider mites and identifies the carboxylesterase gene TtCarE-4 as a potential RNAi target for sustainable pest management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17090913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:41:18Z","timestamp":1788266478000},"page":"913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Host-Specific Induction and Functional Characterization of the Carboxylesterase TtCarE-4 in Tetranychus truncatus Adaptation to Woody Host Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5578-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"En-Dao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Cheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Cai-Li","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Qin-Zhe","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sen-Shan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Li-Wen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, P.-Y., Sun, J.-T., Hoffmann, A., Guo, Y.-F., Zhou, J.-C., Zhu, Y.-X., Chen, L., and Hong, X.-Y. (2019). Phylogenetic Signals in Pest Abundance and Distribution Range of Spider Mites. BMC Evol. Biol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-019-1548-3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.13212","article-title":"The Genome Sequence of a Spider Mite, Tetranychus truncatus, Provides Insights into Interspecific Host Range Variation and the Genetic Basis of Adaptation to a Low-Quality Host Plant","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"89","article-title":"Growth and Reproduction of Tetranychus turkestani and Tetranychus truncatus (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Cotton and Corn","volume":"18","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2068","article-title":"Host-Dependent Life History and Life Table Parameters of Tetranychus truncatus (Acari: Tetranychidae)","volume":"22","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2019.12.004","article-title":"Effect of a cotton Iintercrop on spider mite populations in jujube trees","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b06690","article-title":"Functional Characterization of Two Carboxylesterase Genes Involved in Pyrethroid Detoxification in Helicoverpa armigera","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab412","article-title":"Rapid Specialization of Counter Defenses Enables Two-Spotted Spider Mite to Adapt to Novel Plant Hosts","volume":"187","author":"Salehipourshirazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac247","article-title":"Of Mites and Cyanide: Rapid Spider Mite Adaptation to Arabidopsis Defense Metabolites","volume":"189","author":"Kerwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-024-11291-1","article-title":"Plant Protection by Tannins Depends on Defence-Related Phytohormones","volume":"44","author":"Iqbal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad412","article-title":"Host Adaptation and Specialization in Tetranychidae Mites","volume":"193","author":"Bruinsma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.305","article-title":"Herbivory And Plant Defenses in Tropical Forests","volume":"27","author":"Coley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.20.00433","article-title":"Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defenses, Regulators, and Primary Metabolites: The Blurred Functional Trichotomy1[OPEN]","volume":"184","author":"Erb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010715-023907","article-title":"The Molecular Evolution of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Resistance in Chelicerate Mites","volume":"61","author":"Dermauw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heckel, D.G. (2018). Insect Detoxification and Sequestration Strategies. Annual Plant Reviews Online, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119312994.apr0507"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wink, M., and Legal, L. (2023). Editorial: Chemical Ecology of Plant Arthropod Interactions: How Do Herbivorous Arthropods Cope with Defence Chemicals of Their Host Plants?. Front. Ecol. Evol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2023.1259549"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10640","article-title":"The Genome of Tetranychus urticae Reveals Herbivorous Pest Adaptations","volume":"479","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E113","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1213214110","article-title":"A Link between Host Plant Adaptation and Pesticide Resistance in the Polyphagous Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae","volume":"110","author":"Dermauw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s43170-023-00201-2","article-title":"Phenotypic Plasticity Plays an Essential Role in the Confrontation between Plants and Herbivorous Insects","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"CABI Agric. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2016.09.003","article-title":"Gossypol Toxicity and Detoxification in Helicoverpa armigera and Heliothis virescens","volume":"78","author":"Krempl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2016.02.006","article-title":"Diet Dependent Metabolic Responses in Three Generalist Insect Herbivores Spodoptera Spp.","volume":"71","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4813","article-title":"RNA Interference Technology in Crop Protection against Arthropod Pests, Pathogens and Nematodes","volume":"74","author":"Zotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12578","article-title":"Adaptive Regulation of Detoxification Enzymes in Helicoverpa armigera to Different Host Plants","volume":"28","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2015.10.005","article-title":"Glutathione S-Transferase SlGSTE1 in Spodoptera litura May Be Associated with Feeding Adaptation of Host Plants","volume":"70","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Zhang, D., Guo, H., He, X., Liu, B., Wang, S., and Lu, Y. (2025). Preliminary Evaluation of the Biocontrol Potential of Stethorus punctillum, a Key Natural Enemy of Spider Mites in Northwest China. Agronomy, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15051092"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvy063","article-title":"Intercropping With Fruit Trees Increases Population Abundance and Alters Species Composition of Spider Mites on Cotton","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.02.010","article-title":"The Evolutionary Ecology of Insect Resistance to Plant Chemicals","volume":"22","author":"David","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2018.04.007","article-title":"The Role of Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs) in Insecticide Resistance in Crop Pests and Disease Vectors","volume":"27","author":"Pavlidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.51.110104.151104","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Metabolic Resistance to Synthetic and Natural Xenobiotics","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3390\/jox13030026","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 Gene Families: Role in Plant Secondary Metabolites Production and Plant Defense","volume":"13","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Xenobiotics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breeschoten, T., Ros, V.I.D., Schranz, M.E., and Simon, S. (2019). An Influential Meal: Host Plant Dependent Transcriptional Variation in the Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). BMC Genom., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-6081-7"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.11.006","article-title":"Akt-FoxO Signaling Drives Co-Adaptation to Insecticide and Host Plant Stresses in an Herbivorous Insect","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2023.105591","article-title":"The Host Plant Strongly Modulates Acaricide Resistance Levels to Mitochondrial Complex II Inhibitors in a Multi-Resistant Field Population of Tetranychus urticae","volume":"196","author":"Njiru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1127\/entomologia\/2024\/3054","article-title":"The HcCarE6 Conferring Multi-Host Adaptation of the Hyphantria cunea: An Important Target for Constructing Nucleic Acid Pesticide","volume":"45","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Entomol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76192-5","article-title":"ApCarE4 and ApPOD3 Participate in the Adaptation of Pea Aphids to Different Alfalfa Varieties","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kontogiannatos, D., Swevers, L., Maenaka, K., Park, E.Y., Iatrou, K., and Kourti, A. (2013). Functional Characterization of a Juvenile Hormone Esterase Related Gene in the Moth Sesamia nonagrioides through RNA Interference. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073834"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tox201","article-title":"Carboxylesterase Precursor (EST-1) Mediated the Fungicide Jinggangmycin-Suppressed Reproduction of Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)","volume":"110","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32742-2","article-title":"Identification of Target Genes for RNAi-Mediated Control of the Twospotted Spider Mite","volume":"8","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2024.106259","article-title":"RNA Interference Targeting \u03b2-N-Acetylhexosaminidase Genes Impairs Molting and Development of Tetranychus urticae","volume":"208","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2024.105905","article-title":"The Development of an Egg-Soaking Method for Delivering dsRNAs into Spider Mites","volume":"201","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondal, M., Peter, J., Scarbrough, O., and Flynt, A. (2021). Environmental RNAi Pathways in the Two-Spotted Spider Mite. BMC Genom., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-07322-2"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehlhorn, S., Hunnekuhl, V.S., Geibel, S., Nauen, R., and Bucher, G. (2021). Establishing RNAi for Basic Research and Pest Control and Identification of the Most Efficient Target Genes for Pest Control: A Brief Guide. Front. Zool., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-021-00444-7"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2012.12.001","article-title":"Screening of lethal genes for feeding RNAi by leaf disc-mediated systematic delivery of dsRNA in Tetranychus urticae","volume":"105","author":"Kwon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, T., Nunes, M.A., Espa\u00f1a, M.U., Namin, H.H., Jin, P., Bensoussan, N., Zhurov, V., Rahman, T., De Clercq, R., and Hilson, P. (2017). RNAi-based reverse genetics in the chelicerate model Tetranychus urticae: A comparative analysis of five methods for gene silencing. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180654"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5071","article-title":"Beyond Insects: Current Status and Achievements of RNA Interference in Mite Pests and Future Perspectives","volume":"74","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toag107","article-title":"The Role of the Uncharacterized Gene TuPSEG in Host Plant Adaptation of Tetranychus urticae (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) and Its Potential for RNA Interference-Based Control","volume":"119","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2026.107238","article-title":"The Effects of dsRNases on RNA Interference Efficiency in Insects and Future Research Directions","volume":"222","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75682-6","article-title":"Environmental RNA Interference in Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae, Reveals dsRNA Processing Requirements for Efficient RNAi Response","volume":"10","author":"Bensoussan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palli, S.R. (2023). RNAi Turns 25: Contributions and Challenges in Insect Science. Front. Insect Sci., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/finsc.2023.1209478"}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/9\/913\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:55:09Z","timestamp":1788267309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/9\/913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["insects17090913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects17090913","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}