{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:21:42Z","timestamp":1788268902314,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Landscape simplification resulting from agricultural intensification threatens biodiversity and ecosystem services on arable land. Semi-natural habitats, such as flower strips, can mitigate these effects by providing habitat and resource diversity and by modifying the microclimate at the agricultural landscape scale. As effective natural enemies in arable fields, ground beetles (Carabidae) play a key role not only in pest regulation, but also in weed control through seed consumption. The study found that FS serve as crucial habitats supporting Carabidae\u2014characterized by a higher Shannon\u2013Wiener index\u2014and foster the presence of rare species absent from adjacent wheat and rapeseed monocultures. Unlike field crops, flower strips exhibit greater evenness in ground beetle community structure, indicating higher ecological stability and superior environmental quality. The research confirmed significant seasonal fluctuations in Carabidae abundance, particularly pronounced in flower strips; an increase in numbers was recorded during May and June in both years of observation, confirming that FS act as stable habitats for these insects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17090916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:41:18Z","timestamp":1788266478000},"page":"916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in Carabidae Biodiversity in the Perennial Flowering Strip and Adjacent Arable Crops in Organic Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0588-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, W\u0119gorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2573-955X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Antkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, W\u0119gorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4714-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Sienkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dabrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3273-538X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"B\u0142\u0119dkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, W\u0119gorka 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e161282","DOI":"10.3897\/BDJ.13.e161282","article-title":"Ground beetle fauna of flower strips and forest edges in northern German lowlands\u2019 conventional agricultural landscapes (Coleoptera, Carabidae)","volume":"13","author":"Grabener","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biodivers. Data J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Rayeed, S.M., Khurana, M., East, A., Fluck, I.E., Campolongo, E., Stevens, S., Zarubiieva, I., Lowe, S., Denslow, M., and Donoso, E. (2026). A continental-scale dataset of ground beetles with high-resolution images and validated morphological trait measurements. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.17109\/AZH.66.Suppl.5.2020","article-title":"Global warning: Challenges, threats and opportunities for ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in high altitude habitats","volume":"66","author":"Gobbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalska, J., Antkowiak, M., and Sienkiewicz, P. (2022). Flower Strips and Their Ecological Multifunctionality in Agricultural Fields. Agriculture, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12091470"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J.-L., Huang, L.-M., Xiang, Z.-Y., Zhao, J.-N., Yang, D.-L., Wang, H., and Zhang, Y.-J. (2024). Influence of Floral Strip Width on Spider and Carabid Beetle Communities in Maize Fields. Insects, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15120993"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2025.109776","article-title":"Cascading effects of landscape, mediated by mesoclimate, on carabid communities and weed seed predation in winter cereals","volume":"393","author":"Uroy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1684-3","article-title":"Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers","volume":"574","author":"Seibold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"9","article-title":"PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis","volume":"4","author":"Hammer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Palaeontol. Electron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2026.110250","article-title":"Pesticide-free fields under minimum tillage and flower strips enhance carabid beetles and spiders through increased overwintering and spill over processes","volume":"400","author":"Bannwart","year":"2026","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2026.110252","article-title":"Beetle communities in agricultural landscapes: Relative influences of climate, landscape, plant communities and agricultural practices","volume":"400","author":"Penel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-023-02701-3","article-title":"Effects of agricultural landscape structure and canola coverage on biochemical and physiological traits of the ground beetle Poecilus cupreus","volume":"32","author":"Sowa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-025-02995-5","article-title":"Landscape complexity and agricultural pressure at the habitat-level scale determine impact of insecticide use on future generation of non-target arthropods (ground beetle Poecilus cupreus)","volume":"35","author":"Sowa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalska, J., Antkowiak, M., Tymoszuk, A., Matysiak, K., and Sienkiewicz, P. (2025). Botanical evaluation of the two-year-old flower strip with analysis of the local Carabidae population: Case Study. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17073223"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalska, J., Antkowiak, M., and Tymoszuk, A. (2023). Effect of Plant Seed Mixture on Overwintering and Floristic Attractiveness of the Flower Strip in Western Poland. Agriculture, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13020467"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antkowiak, M., Kowalska, J., and Trzci\u0144ski, P. (2024). Flower Strips as an Ecological Tool to Strengthen the Environmental Balance of Fields: Case Study of a National Park Zone in Western Poland. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16031251"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"108321","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics and the role of flower strips in conserving rare and habitat-specialist carabid beetles in intensive agricultural landscapes","volume":"345","author":"Peterson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12257","article-title":"Flower plantings increase wild bee abundance and the pollination services provided to a pollination-dependent crop","volume":"51","author":"Blaauw","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-4598.2010.00098.x","article-title":"Sown wildflower strips for insect conservation: A review","volume":"4","author":"Haaland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Insect Conserv. Divers"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-013-0469-5","article-title":"Effects of experimentally planting non-crop flowers into cabbage fields on the abundance and diversity of predators","volume":"22","author":"Ditner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2016.01.001","article-title":"Perennial, species-rich wildflower strips enhance pest control and crop yield","volume":"220","author":"Tschumi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.14411\/eje.2017.010","article-title":"Do flower mixtures with high functional diversity enhance aphid predators in wildflower strips?","volume":"114","author":"Hatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Entomol."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/9\/916\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:55:30Z","timestamp":1788267330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/9\/916"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["insects17090916"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects17090916","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}