{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:07:23Z","timestamp":1788930443919,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32370476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32370476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31872263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31201732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31201732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31572300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31572300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["32370476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32370476"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["31872263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872263"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["31201732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31201732"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["31572300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31572300"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The largest giant hornet Vespa mandarinia (VM) as a notorious \u201cmurder hornet\u201d exhibits a complex color polymorphism and has been reared and directly released into the wild for commercial purposes in China, raising concerns that it may become an anthropogenic invasion disaster. Compiling the collections, as well as the global data online, a comprehensive description, modeling, and analysis on color variations and distribution patterns were conducted. A total of 42 images are presented firstly to represent all identified color phenotypes, which are categorized into four main color varieties, including a new variety, Vespa mandarinia var. pseudomagnifica (VMP). Prediction models show that VM is mainly native in Asia; the \u201c400 mm isohyet\u201d in China is a major biogeographic barrier limiting the northwestward expansion. Over the past decade, the distribution area of Vespa mandarinia var. magnifica (VMF) has probably expanded significantly (from 121.25 \u00d7 104 km2 to 260.29 \u00d7 104 km2), particularly in China. The potential distribution of VMF and Vespa mandarinia var. mandarinia (VMM) shaped the typical asymmetry of biogeographic pattern and highlight the west Palaearctic\u2013Oriental boundary. These findings provide a scientific basis for risk assessment, inform monitoring, and management decisions related to the commercial rearing and population control of expanding hornet populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17090934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T16:30:02Z","timestamp":1788798602000},"page":"934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global Color Variation in Giant Hornet Vespa mandarinia Smith (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) and Potential Threat of Spread of the Commercially Reared \u201cHongniang\u201d Phenotype"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Juan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation\/Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, 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UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Si-Yuan","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation\/Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5803-2521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation\/Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Cornelis","family":"van 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