{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:08:04Z","timestamp":1789016884114,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Technological Research Project of the Science and Technology Department of Henan Province","award":["252102111030 and 262102110048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102111030 and 262102110048"]}]},{"name":"the Technological Research Project of the Science and Technology Department of Nanyang City","award":["24KJGG014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24KJGG014"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Program of Henan Province","award":["254200510014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["254200510014"]}]},{"name":"the Overseas Expertise Center for Discipline Innovation","award":["D23015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D23015"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2024YFC3211100 and 2024YFD1702000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3211100 and 2024YFD1702000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Insect-mediated bioconversion is a promising strategy for livestock manure recycling, but its effects on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in residual substrates remain insufficiently understood, especially under polystyrene particle exposure. In this study, swine manure was treated with Sarcophaga peregrina larvae under four concentrations of 100-nm polystyrene particles (PS particles: 0, 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mg\/kg), and ARG profiles in air-dried residual manure were characterized. Larval treatment reduced manure mass by approximately 40% within 4 days, and reduction rates did not differ significantly among PS particle concentrations. However, larval treatment increased RPKM-normalized total ARG abundance relative to the corresponding controls, whereas the residue mass-adjusted relative ARG index remained below 1.0 in all larval treatment groups after incorporating residue mass. ARG richness and Shannon diversity were not significantly reduced. ARO-level turnover analysis showed both newly detected and no longer detected ARG types after larval treatment. PCoA and PERMANOVA indicated treatment-associated differences in resistome structure, with PERMDISP suggesting that dispersion also contributed. At class and mechanism levels, multidrug resistance and antibiotic efflux were dominant. These results indicate that S. peregrina larvae efficiently reduce manure mass, but their effects on ARGs are better described as residual resistome restructuring rather than ARG removal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17090936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T16:30:02Z","timestamp":1788798602000},"page":"936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metagenomic Profiling of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Swine Manure Residues After Sarcophaga peregrina Larval Bioconversion Under Polystyrene Particle Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8004-5134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanjie","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Insect Bioreactor, China-UK International Joint Laboratory for Insect Biology of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang 473061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Insect Bioreactor, China-UK International Joint Laboratory for Insect Biology of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang 473061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2100-4145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dandan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Insect Bioreactor, China-UK International Joint Laboratory for Insect Biology of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang 473061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8996-0005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory of Watershed Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line Project of South-to-North Water Diversion in Henan Province, College of South to North Water Diversion\/College of Water Resources and Modern Agriculture, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zonghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory of Watershed Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line Project of South-to-North Water Diversion in Henan Province, College of South to North Water Diversion\/College of Water Resources and Modern Agriculture, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.03.026","article-title":"A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics in the environment","volume":"65","author":"Sarmah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222743110","article-title":"Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms","volume":"110","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. 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