{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:06:18Z","timestamp":1789103178835,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PROCIENCIA","award":["Contract No. PE501088346\u20132024-PROCIENCIA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Contract No. PE501088346\u20132024-PROCIENCIA"]}]},{"award":["Contract No. PE501088346\u20132024-PROCIENCIA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Contract No. PE501088346\u20132024-PROCIENCIA"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05pap9b79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula (Apidae: Meliponini) is ecologically and socioeconomically important in northern Peru, yet the factors shaping its habitat suitability remain poorly quantified. We modeled current suitability across Amazonas and San Mart\u00edn using 28 occurrence records: 17 field-georeferenced hive locations and 11 records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). An initial set of 28 climatic, vegetation, hydrological, topographic, and edaphic predictors was reduced to 15 variables after repeated variance inflation factor analyses. Maximum Entropy models were calibrated with linear, quadratic, and hinge features, four regularization multipliers, 20 bootstrap replicates, and a 75:25 training\u2013testing partition. A multiplier of 1.5 was selected for its higher minimum test AUC across replicates (0.72), indicating more consistent worst-case performance (training AUC = 0.94 \u00b1 0.02; test AUC = 0.84 \u00b1 0.07). Forest cover contributed most to model fit (31.7%), whereas predictions were most sensitive to slope (27.2% permutation importance), precipitation of the coldest quarter (14.2%) and soil organic carbon (13.3%). Suitability peaked at intermediate forest cover (~50%) and gentle slopes (~4\u00b0). Applying the 10th-percentile training-presence threshold, 1,190,582 ha (13.2%) were classified as suitable, concentrated in mixed forest\u2013agricultural landscapes rather than continuous lowland forest. Vegetation structure and terrain, not climate alone, shaped predicted suitability; given uneven sampling, these patterns require field validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17090937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T16:30:02Z","timestamp":1788798602000},"page":"937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental Predictors of Habitat Suitability for Tetragonisca angustula (Apidae: Meliponini) in the Andean\u2013Amazonian Transition of Northern Peru"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jhanet R. Puscan","family":"Inga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2618-7526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jhonsy O.","family":"Silva-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Cartograf\u00eda y Teledetecci\u00f3n, Laboratorio de Agrostolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2992-2637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elthon","family":"Hinojosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Diego R. Salazar","family":"Ccatamayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0224-1935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Frias","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7508-7516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ligia","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para el Desarrollo Sustenible de la Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1502-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Puscan-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para el Desarrollo Sustenible de la Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"P\u00e1vel Matos","family":"Marav\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 370 05 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9721-9057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Bardales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jorge L.","family":"Maicelo-Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2879-5138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rainer Marco Lopez","family":"Lapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda Zootecnista, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Agronegocios y Ciencia de Datos, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Cartograf\u00eda y Teledetecci\u00f3n, Laboratorio de Agrostolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.56557\/bn\/2025\/v45i12056","article-title":"The role of pollinators in boosting agricultural output","volume":"45","author":"Shiva","year":"2025","journal-title":"BIONATURE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-019-00727-3","article-title":"Unveiling the contribution of bee pollinators to Brazilian crops with implications for bee management","volume":"51","author":"Giannini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.56557\/upjoz\/2024\/v45i134150","article-title":"The role of pollinators in enhancing biodiversity and pollination mechanisms: A review","volume":"45","author":"Kalpana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Uttar Pradesh J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swathi, P., Nagarjuna, R.K.V., Gouthami, D., and Chandana, M.S. (2025). Threats to pollinators and agricultural systems. Integrated Pest Management: Emerging Technologies and Sustainable Approaches, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003516538-9"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernardes, R.C., Botina, L.L., Ara\u00fajo, R.S., Guedes, R.N.C., Martins, G.F., and Lima, M.A.P. (2022). Artificial intelligence-aided meta-analysis of toxicological assessment of agrochemicals in bees. Front. Ecol. Evol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2022.845608"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7414","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8414","article-title":"Delivery of crop pollination services is an insufficient argument for wild pollinator conservation","volume":"6","author":"Kleijn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16812","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.262413599","article-title":"Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification","volume":"99","author":"Kremen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120120-103938","article-title":"Stingless bee (Apidae: Apinae: Meliponini) ecology","volume":"68","author":"Roubik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acosta, A.L., dos Santos, C.F., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L., Oliveira, R.C., and Giannini, T.C. (2024). A methodological approach to identify priority zones for monitoring and assessment of wild bee species under climate change. Front. Bee Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/frbee.2024.1329844"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2022-0160","article-title":"A review of stingless bees\u2019 bioactivity in different parts of the world","volume":"16","author":"Goh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.1172.104944","article-title":"Stingless bee classification and biology (Hymenoptera, Apidae): A review, with an updated key to genera and subgenera","volume":"1172","author":"Engel","year":"2023","journal-title":"ZooKeys"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"6425","article-title":"Variations of structural niche, floristic sources and density of Tetragonisca angustula Latreille 1811 (Apinae, Meliponini) in the dry forest of Huallaga, Peruvian Amazon","volume":"29","author":"Marconi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2006011","article-title":"Brazilian propolis of Tetragonisca angustula and Apis mellifera","volume":"37","author":"Sawaya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11512-1","article-title":"Age-based spatial distribution of workers is resilient to worker loss in a subterranean termite","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-024-01077-5","article-title":"Distribution widening of a ground-nesting social bee across Europe favored by climate change and urban setting","volume":"55","author":"Ferrari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17692","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21413-y","article-title":"Urban ecosystem drives genetic diversity in feral honey bee","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, R.R., Ricardo, P.C., Dias, F.C., de Souza Araujo, N., Soares, D.O., Zhou, Q.S., Zhu, C.D., Coutinho, L.L., Arias, M.C., and Batista, T.M. (2024). The nuclear and mitochondrial genome assemblies of Tetragonisca angustula (Apidae: Meliponini), a tiny yet remarkable pollinator in the Neotropics. BMC Genom., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-10502-z"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107147","article-title":"High uncertainty in the effects of data characteristics on the performance of species distribution models","volume":"121","author":"Tessarolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-021-00881-7","article-title":"Effect of climate seasonality and vegetation cover on floral resource selection by two stingless bee species","volume":"52","author":"Prado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"281","article-title":"Using maximum entropy algorithm to analyze changes in the distribution of the stingless bees, Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811), in response to future climatic conditions","volume":"26","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00040-022-00897-x","article-title":"Protecting pollinators and our food supply: Understanding and managing threats to pollinator health","volume":"70","author":"Siviter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insect. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.01575","article-title":"Environmental drivers of tree community turnover in western Amazonian forests","volume":"39","author":"Baldeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41936-026-00545-x","article-title":"Climate change impact on the geographic distribution of important tachinid parasitoids in Morocco: A species distribution modelling study","volume":"87","author":"Ourahmoun","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Basic Appl. Zool."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07294","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.07294","article-title":"Optimising occurrence data in species distribution models: Sample size, positional uncertainty, and sampling bias matter","volume":"2024","author":"Bazzichetto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.17161\/bi.v18i.22655","article-title":"Species distribution model accuracy is strongly influenced by the choice of calibration area","volume":"18","author":"Luna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biodivers. Inform."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70107","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.70107","article-title":"Unveiling the genetic structure and ecological niche diversification of the stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula (Meliponini) in Peruvian Amazon","volume":"52","author":"Baikova","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotrina-S\u00e1nchez, A., Garc\u00eda, L., Calle, C., Sari, F., Bandopadhyay, S., Rojas-Brice\u00f1o, N.B., Meza-Mori, G., Torres Guzm\u00e1n, C., Auqui\u00f1iv\u00edn-Silva, E., and Arellanos, E. (2023). Multicriteria analysis in apiculture: A sustainable tool for rural development in communities and conservation areas of northwest Peru. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12101900"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2025.103082","article-title":"Suitability of the Amazonas region for beekeeping and its future distribution under climate change scenarios","volume":"87","author":"Guevara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892923000267","article-title":"Mapping high-altitude peatlands to inform a landscape conservation strategy in the Andes of northern Peru","volume":"50","author":"Giannoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malizia, A., Blundo, C., Carilla, J., Osinaga Acosta, O., Cuesta, F., Duque, A., Aguirre, N., Aguirre, Z., Ataroff, M., and Baez, S. (2020). Elevation and latitude drives structure and tree species composition in Andean forests: Results from a large-scale plot network. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231553"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax0149","article-title":"Humboldt\u2019s enigma: What causes global patterns of mountain biodiversity?","volume":"365","author":"Rahbek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.0405","article-title":"Functional group diversity of bee pollinators increases crop yield","volume":"275","author":"Hoehn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.70049","article-title":"Pollination ecology in the tropical Andes: Moving towards a cross-scale approach","volume":"100","author":"Woodman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10841-023-00527-2","article-title":"Landscape composition influences colony growth in the tropical Asian stingless bees (Tetragonula fuscobalteata)","volume":"28","author":"Wayo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Insect Conserv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s13744-024-01206-w","article-title":"Stingless bee foraging activity related to environmental aspects","volume":"53","author":"Faita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neotrop. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Hijmans, R.J. (geodata: Access Geographic Data, 2026). geodata: Access Geographic Data, Version 0.6-9."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5086","article-title":"WorldClim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"37","author":"Fick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Didan, K. (MODIS\/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid, 2021). MODIS\/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid, V061 [Data Set]."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Buchhorn, M., Smets, B., Bertels, L., De Roo, B., Lesiv, M., Tsendbazar, N.-E., Li, L., and Tarko, A.J. (2020). Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100m: Version 3 Globe 2015\u20132019; Product User Manual, Zenodo."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Autoridad Nacional del Agua (2023). Acreditaci\u00f3n de Disponibilidad H\u00eddrica [WMS Map Service], Sistema Nacional de Informaci\u00f3n de Recursos H\u00eddricos. Available online: https:\/\/geosnirh.ana.gob.pe\/server\/rest\/services\/ONRH\/Rios_Quebradas_AAVI\/MapServer\/."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Jarvis, A., Reuter, H.I., Nelson, A., and Guevara, E. (2008). Hole-Filled Seamless SRTM Data V4 [Data Set], International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). Available online: https:\/\/srtm.csi.cgiar.org."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.5194\/soil-7-217-2021","article-title":"SoilGrids 2.0: Producing soil information for the globe with quantified spatial uncertainty","volume":"7","author":"Poggio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x","article-title":"Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance","volume":"36","author":"Dormann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Marco J\u00fanior, P., and N\u00f3brega, C.C. (2018). Evaluating collinearity effects on species distribution models: An approach based on virtual species simulation. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202403"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-006-9018-6","article-title":"A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors","volume":"41","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rey, M., Consuegra, S., B\u00f6rger, L., and Garcia de Leaniz, C. (2019). Improving species distribution modelling of freshwater invasive species for management applications. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217896"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"R Core Team (R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, 2026). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, Version 4.6.0."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2013.00205.x","article-title":"Where is positional uncertainty a problem for species distribution modelling?","volume":"37","author":"Naimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Hijmans, R.J., Brown, A., and Barbosa, M. (Terra: Spatial Data Analysis, 2026). Terra: Spatial Data Analysis, Comprehensive R Archive Network."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Phillips, S.J., Dud\u00edk, M., and Schapire, R.E. (2026, July 24). Maxent Software for Modeling Species Niches and Distributions, Available online: https:\/\/biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org\/open_source\/maxent\/."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026","article-title":"Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions","volume":"190","author":"Phillips","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-7590.2008.5203.x","article-title":"Modeling of species distributions with Maxent: New extensions and a comprehensive evaluation","volume":"31","author":"Phillips","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wani, I.A., Verma, S., Kumari, P., Charles, B., Hashim, M.J., and El-Serehy, H.A. (2021). Ecological assessment and environmental niche modelling of Himalayan rhubarb (Rheum webbianum Royle) in northwest Himalaya. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259345"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s41936-025-00479-w","article-title":"Climate change impacts on the distribution of three agromyzid leaf-mining flies in Morocco: Implications for agricultural pest management","volume":"86","author":"Daief","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Basic Appl. Zool."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas-Brice\u00f1o, N.B., Garc\u00eda, L., Cotrina-S\u00e1nchez, A., Go\u00f1as, M., Salas L\u00f3pez, R., Silva L\u00f3pez, J.O., and Oliva-Cruz, M. (2022). Land suitability for cocoa cultivation in Peru: AHP and MaxEnt modeling in a GIS environment. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12122930"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1890\/10-1171.1","article-title":"Ecological niche modeling in Maxent: The importance of model complexity and the performance of model selection criteria","volume":"21","author":"Warren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12227","article-title":"Making better Maxent models of species distributions: Complexity, overfitting and evaluation","volume":"41","author":"Radosavljevic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01486","DOI":"10.1002\/ecm.1486","article-title":"Predictive performance of presence-only species distribution models: A benchmark study with reproducible code","volume":"92","author":"Valavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12058","article-title":"Selecting thresholds for the prediction of species occurrence with presence-only data","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1878","article-title":"On the selection of thresholds for predicting species occurrence with presence-only data","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"SERNANP (2026). Catastro Oficial de las \u00c1reas Naturales Protegidas del Per\u00fa [Data Set], Servicio Nacional de \u00c1reas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado. Available online: https:\/\/geo.sernanp.gob.pe\/visorsernanp\/."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1890\/03-5258","article-title":"Increasing isolation of protected areas in tropical forests over the past twenty years","volume":"15","author":"DeFries","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1890\/05-1098","article-title":"Ecological mechanisms linking protected areas to surrounding lands","volume":"17","author":"Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-69842004000400003","article-title":"Body size and flight distance in stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini): Inference of flight range and possible ecological implications","volume":"64","author":"Costa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02422","article-title":"Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity","volume":"428","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2025.111207","article-title":"Improving species distribution models for climate change studies: Ecological plausibility and performance metrics","volume":"508","author":"Fiorentino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, K.M., and Baudier, K.M. (2024). Stingless bee foragers experience more thermally stressful microclimates and have wider thermal tolerance breadths than other worker subcastes. Front. Ecol. Evol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2024.1405459"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5141\/jee.25.021","article-title":"Spatial distribution, tree host associations, and deforestation threats on two stingless bee species in the Peruvian Amazon","volume":"49","author":"Demetrio","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2025.127120","article-title":"Diversity, floral visitation pattern, and conservation of stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) in the Brazilian Legal Amazon","volume":"89","author":"Antonio","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joppa, L.N., and Pfaff, A. (2009). High and far: Biases in the location of protected areas. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008273"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2026.07.003","article-title":"Colony losses of stingless bees in Latin America increase in agricultural areas, but decrease in forested areas","volume":"95","author":"Porrini","year":"2026","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/9\/937\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:22:42Z","timestamp":1789100562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/17\/9\/937"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["insects17090937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects17090937","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]}}}