{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:17:11Z","timestamp":1789395431357,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["CAAS-ZDRW202420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-ZDRW202420"]}]},{"name":"Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["JBYW-AII-2026-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBYW-AII-2026-02"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFD1601305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFD1601305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Both hive displacement and entrance relocation can challenge honeybee homing navigation, yet the temporal dynamics of colony-level homing behavior following hive entrance displacement remain poorly quantified. To address this, we established a non-invasive automated pipeline integrating YOLO11m-based detection, OC-SORT tracking, and the Homing Rate (HR) to monitor nine honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies under semi-natural apiary conditions. HR links trajectory endpoints with the experimentally defined valid entrance state and provides a colony-level measure of entrance-targeting accuracy. Horizontal entrance displacement caused a substantial reduction in HR in the treated colonies, whereas the Control Group showed only a small concurrent change. During the subsequent four-day observation period, all six treated colonies displayed a similar dynamic pattern characterized by an initial rapid increase in HR, followed by a slower increase. The asymptotic exponential model provided a better descriptive representation of these temporal dynamics than a linear model. The 14-day observation of Colony A1 further revealed an early increase, a transient decline, and subsequent recovery toward a relatively stable level, indicating that the post-displacement trajectory was not strictly monotonic. Overall, this study provides an automated quantitative pipeline for continuously characterizing colony-level entrance-targeting behavior and its temporal dynamics following hive entrance displacement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects17090944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:13:03Z","timestamp":1789031583000},"page":"944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Machine Vision-Based Quantification of Colony-Level Homing Adaptation in Apis mellifera Following Hive Entrance Displacement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Run","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Blockchain Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6320-2169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuntao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Blockchain Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Cunchao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Blockchain Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Blockchain Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Blockchain Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7322-0042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Blockchain Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.12.1655","article-title":"The role of orientation flights on homing performance in honeybees","volume":"202","author":"Capaldi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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