{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:10:08Z","timestamp":1760213408273,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]],"date-time":"2016-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI-42164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI-42164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011508","name":"FDACS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00084365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00084365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Insects"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interaction of the mosquito and the invading virus is complex and can result in physiological and gene expression alterations in the insect. The association of West Nile virus (WNV) and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes results in measurable changes in gene expression; 22 gene products were shown previously to have altered expression. Sequence analysis of one product, CQ G1A1, revealed 100% amino acid identity to gram negative bacteria binding proteins (CPQGBP) in Cx. p. quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti (70%) and Anopheles gambiae (63%) that function in pathogen recognition. CQ G1A1 also was differentially expressed following WNV infection in two populations of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus colonized from Florida with known differences in vector competence for WNV and showed spatial and temporal gene expression differences in midgut, thorax, and carcass tissues. These data suggest gene expression of CQ G1A1 is influenced by WNV infection and the WNV infection-controlled expression differs between populations and tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/insects7040076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]],"date-time":"2016-12-23T04:09:09Z","timestamp":1482466149000},"page":"76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Effect of West Nile Virus Infection on the Midgut Gene Expression of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Smartt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida\u2014IFAS, 200 9th Street Southeast, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongyoung","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida\u2014IFAS, 200 9th Street Southeast, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheri","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida\u2014IFAS, 200 9th Street Southeast, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"521","article-title":"West Nile Virus and Other Arboviral Diseases\u2014United States, 2013","volume":"63","author":"Lindsey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333","article-title":"Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States","volume":"286","author":"Lanciotti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"59","article-title":"West Nile Fever","volume":"Volume V","author":"Monath","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-37.6.835","article-title":"Vector competence of Peruvian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for epizootic and enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus","volume":"37","author":"Turell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010617","article-title":"Vector competence of selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia mosquitoes for West Nile virus","volume":"7","author":"Sardelis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020536","article-title":"Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus","volume":"8","author":"Goddard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.141","article-title":"Surveillance results from the first West Nile virus transmission season in Florida, 2001","volume":"69","author":"Blackmore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.3.253","article-title":"West Nile virus infection rates in Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae) do not reflect transmission rates in Florida","volume":"40","author":"Rutledge","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0776","article-title":"Environmental and biological factors influencing Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence for West Nile Virus","volume":"83","author":"Richards","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.264","article-title":"Environmental and biological factors influencing Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence for Saint Louis encephalitis virus","volume":"81","author":"Richards","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.28.010183.001305","article-title":"Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses","volume":"28","author":"Hardy","year":"1983","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.06.010161.002103","article-title":"Mechanism of transmission of viruses by mosquitoes","volume":"6","author":"Chamberlain","year":"1961","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.1.115-137.2000","article-title":"Genetics of mosquito vector competence","volume":"64","author":"Beerntsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2590-4_4","article-title":"Genetics of insect vector competence for arboviruses","volume":"Volume 10","author":"Harris","year":"1994","journal-title":"Advances in Disease Vector Research"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.965","article-title":"Quantitative genetics of vector competence for dengue-2 virus in Aedes aegypti","volume":"59","author":"Bosio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/156.2.687","article-title":"Quantitative trait loci that control vector competence for dengue-2 virus in the mosquito Aedes aegypti","volume":"156","author":"Bosio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercado-Curiel, R.F., Black, W.C.T., and Munoz Mde, L. (2008). A dengue receptor as possible genetic marker of vector competence in Aedes aegypti. BMC Microbiol.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-118"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2005.07.006","article-title":"Sindbis virus induces transport processes and alters expression of innate immunity pathway genes in the midgut of the disease vector, Aedes aegypti","volume":"35","author":"Sanders","year":"2005","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xi, Z., Ramirez, J.L., and Dimopoulos, G. (2008). The Aedes aegypti toll pathway controls dengue virus infection. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000098"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.258","article-title":"West Nile virus infection alters midgut gene expression in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"81","author":"Smartt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.013201-0","article-title":"Advances in dissecting mosquito innate immune responses to arbovirus infection","volume":"90","author":"Fragkoudis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2012.07.004","article-title":"Beyond rnai: Antiviral defense strategies in drosophila and mosquito","volume":"59","author":"Merkling","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.07.022","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of North American West Nile virus isolates, 2001\u20132004: Evidence for the emergence of a dominant genotype","volume":"342","author":"Davis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-106","article-title":"Diversification of West Nile virus in a subtropical region","volume":"6","author":"Chisenhall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0101","article-title":"Impact of extrinsic incubation temperature and virus exposure on vector competence of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus","volume":"7","author":"Richards","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2987\/09-5926.1","article-title":"Effects of West Nile virus dose and extrinsic incubation temperature on temporal progression of vector competence in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus","volume":"26","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1191864","article-title":"Sequencing of Culex quinquefasciatus establishes a platform for mosquito comparative genomics","volume":"330","author":"Arensburger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138878","article-title":"Genome sequence of Aedes aegypti, a major arbovirus vector","volume":"316","author":"Nene","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076181","article-title":"The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae","volume":"298","author":"Holt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.11.003","article-title":"The Anopheles gambiae genome: An update","volume":"20","author":"Mongin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2008.09.001","article-title":"A genome-wide analysis of genes and gene families involved in innate immunity of Bombyx mori","volume":"38","author":"Tanaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D225","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq1189","article-title":"Cdd: A conserved domain database for the functional annotation of proteins","volume":"39","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, D., Civana, A., Acevedo, C., and Smartt, C.T. (2014). Transcriptomics of differential vector competence: West Nile virus infection in two populations of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus linked to ovary development. BMC Genom.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-513"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10709-016-9881-6","article-title":"Gnbp domain of Anopheles darlingi: Are polymorphic inversions and gene variation related to adaptive evolution?","volume":"144","author":"Bridi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32721","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M003934200","article-title":"Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein, a pattern recognition receptor for lipopolysaccharide and beta-1,3-glucan that mediates the signaling for the induction of innate immune genes in Drosophila melanogaster cells","volume":"275","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.10.013","article-title":"Knock-down of REL2, but not defensin A, augments Aedes aegypti susceptibility to Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli","volume":"113","author":"Magalhaes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2008.00778.x","article-title":"The Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein gene family: Its role in the innate immune system of Anopheles gambiae and in anti-Plasmodium defence","volume":"17","author":"Warr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077136","article-title":"Immunity-related genes and gene families in Anopheles gambiae","volume":"298","author":"Christophides","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1139862","article-title":"Evolutionary dynamics of immune-related genes and pathways in disease-vector mosquitoes","volume":"316","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7888","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.15.7888","article-title":"Purification and molecular cloning of an inducible gram-negative bacteria-binding protein from the silkworm, Bombyx mori","volume":"93","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1089\/1530366041210729","article-title":"West Nile virus dissemination and tissue tropisms in orally infected Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus","volume":"4","author":"Girard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1955.7","article-title":"Multiplication of viruses in mosquitoes following feeding and injection into the body cavity","volume":"33","author":"McLean","year":"1955","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2000.0434","article-title":"Replication of arboviruses in insect vectors","volume":"123","author":"Mellor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11508","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.21.11508","article-title":"Molecular immune responses of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae to bacteria and malaria parasites","volume":"94","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.01.006","article-title":"The Toll immune signaling pathway control conserved anti-dengue defenses across diverse Ae. aegypti strains and against multiple dengue virus serotypes","volume":"34","author":"Ramirez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4479","DOI":"10.3390\/v6114479","article-title":"Mosquito immunity against arboviruses","volume":"6","author":"Sim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"}],"container-title":["Insects"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/7\/4\/76\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:28:37Z","timestamp":1760210917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4450\/7\/4\/76"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["insects7040076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects7040076","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4450"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4450"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,19]]}}}