{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T11:09:30Z","timestamp":1771931370652,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAPMA"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Diabetes-related foot complications are among the most common complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevention of foot problems that are at risk of developing because of type 2 diabetes mellitus should be addressed within the framework of preventive approaches prior to treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate protective sensation in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have not been diagnosed with early diabetes-related foot complications and to investigate the effects of protective sensation on peripheral muscle strength, balance, and functional capacity. Methods: This study included 42 volunteer patients (56.71 \u00b1 7.59 years) who were followed up with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and met the inclusion criteria. Individuals were evaluated prospectively and via face-to-face interviews. Light-touch, vibration, and discrimination sense was evaluated to determine protective sensation. Peripheral muscle strength (quadriceps femoris, biceps brachii, and hand grip) was measured and a 6 min walking test for functional capacity and balance evaluation were performed. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics 21.0 for data analysis. Results: At least one of the components of protective sensation was moderately correlated with peripheral muscle strength, functional capacity, and balance scores. Reduced protective sensation was also observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus without neuropathy. Conclusions: In type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, decreases in light-touch, vibration, and discrimination sense are moderately associated with parameters of peripheral muscle strength, functional capacity, and balance. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, early foot sole sensory examination may prevent the development of neuropathy and support clinicians in early diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/japma116010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T08:58:21Z","timestamp":1771837101000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of Protective Sensation on Functional Capacity, Peripheral Muscle Strength, and Balance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3991-278X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melis","family":"Usul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Institute of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Kent University, Istanbul 34413, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7788-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Semiramis","family":"Ozyilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34065, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3263-3358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed","family":"Tunc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6495-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozlem","family":"Toluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. 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