{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T06:52:57Z","timestamp":1786431177751,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The treatment of patients with aortic valve calcification (AVC) and calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) remains challenging as, until today, all non-invasive interventions have proven fruitless in preventing the disease\u2019s onset and progression. Despite the similarities in the pathogenesis of AVC and atherosclerosis, statins failed to show a favorable effect in preventing AVC progression. The recognition of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] as a strong and potentially modifiable risk factor for the development and, perhaps, the progression of AVC and CAVS and the evolution of novel agents leading in a robust Lp(a) reduction, have rekindled hope for a promising future in the treatment of those patients. Lp(a) seems to promote AVC via a \u2018three hit\u2019 mechanism including lipid deposition, inflammation and autotaxin transportation. All of these lead to valve interstitial cells transition into osteoblast-like cells and, thus, to parenchymal calcification. Currently available lipid-lowering therapies have shown a neutral or mild effect on Lp(a), which was proven insufficient to contribute to clinical benefits. The short-term safety and the efficacy of the emerging agents in reducing Lp(a) have been proven; nevertheless, their effect on cardiovascular risk is currently under investigation in phase 3 clinical trials. A positive result of these trials will probably be the spark to test the hypothesis of the modification of AVC\u2019s natural history with the novel Lp(a)-lowering agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd10030096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T03:56:58Z","timestamp":1677124618000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Lipoprotein(a): Its Association with Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis, the Emerging RNA-Related Treatments and the Hope for a New Era in \u201cTreating\u201d Aortic Valve Calcification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8752-1869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatos","family":"Tsamoulis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Internal Medicine, Thriasio General Hospital of Eleusis, 192 00 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Society of Junior Doctors, 5 Menalou Str., 151 23 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1403-2305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iliana","family":"Siountri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Nikaia \u201cAgios Panteleimon\u201d, 184 54 Nikaia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7349-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loukianos S.","family":"Rallidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, University General Hospital ATTIKON, 124 62 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.015","article-title":"Aortic Stenosis in the Elderly","volume":"62","author":"Osnabrugge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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