{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T03:49:47Z","timestamp":1786938587275,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Fran\u00e7aise de Cardiologie"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) is a growing population that requires life-long care due to advances in pediatric care and surgical or catheter procedures. Despite this, drug therapy in ACHD remains largely empiric due to the lack of clinical data, and formalized guidelines on drug therapy are currently lacking. The aging ACHD population has led to an increase in late cardiovascular complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and pulmonary hypertension. Pharmacotherapy, with few exceptions, in ACHD is largely supportive, whereas significant structural abnormalities usually require interventional, surgical, or percutaneous treatment. Recent advances in ACHD have prolonged survival for these patients, but further research is needed to determine the most effective treatment options for these patients. A better understanding of the use of cardiac drugs in ACHD patients could lead to improved treatment outcomes and a better quality of life for these patients. This review aims to provide an overview of the current status of cardiac drugs in ACHD cardiovascular medicine, including the rationale, limited current evidence, and knowledge gaps in this growing area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd10050190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T01:37:01Z","timestamp":1682386621000},"page":"190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cardiac Drugs in ACHD Cardiovascular Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4325-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magalie","family":"Ladouceur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Congenital Heart Disease Medico-Surgical Unit, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire de Paris, INSERM U970, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estibaliz","family":"Valdeolmillos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marie-Lannelongue Hospital, Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery Department, Centre de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Malformations Cardiaques Cong\u00e9nitales Complexes M3C Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Joseph, Paris-Saclay University, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France"},{"name":"UMRS 999, INSERM, Marie-Lannelongue Hospital, Paris-Saclay University, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Karsenty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Children\u2019s Hospital CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Institut des Maladies M\u00e9taboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), U1048, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8695-0503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Hascoet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marie-Lannelongue Hospital, Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery Department, Centre de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Malformations Cardiaques Cong\u00e9nitales Complexes M3C Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Joseph, Paris-Saclay University, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France"},{"name":"UMRS 999, INSERM, Marie-Lannelongue Hospital, Paris-Saclay University, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Moceri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR2CA, Equipe CARRES, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurianne","family":"Le Gloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiologie Cong\u00e9nitale Adulte, Institut du Thorax, CHU de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7126.201","article-title":"Understanding controlled trials. 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