{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:08:18Z","timestamp":1760148498800,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007393","name":"Association Fran\u00e7aise Contre les Myopathies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18778"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007393","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EspeRare Foundation (Switzerland, Bale)","award":["18778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18778"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Understanding and effectively treating dystrophin-deficient cardiomyopathy is of high importance for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients due to their prolonged lifespan. We used two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography to analyze more deeply the non-uniformity of myocardial strain within the left ventricle during the progression of cardiomyopathy in golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs. Methods: The circumferential strain (CS) and longitudinal strain (LS) of left ventricular (LV) endocardial, middle and epicardial layers were analyzed from three parasternal short-axis views and three apical views, respectively, in GRMD (n = 22) and healthy control dogs (n = 7) from 2 to 24 months of age. Results: In GRMD dogs, despite normal global systolic function (normal LV fractional shortening and ejection fraction), a reduction in systolic CS was detected in the three layers of the LV apex but not in the LV middle-chamber and base at 2 months of age. This spatial heterogeneity in CS progressed with age, whereas a decrease in systolic LS could be detected early at 2 months of age in the three layers of the LV wall from three apical views. Conclusions: Analyzing the evolution of myocardial CS and LS in GRMD dogs reveals spatial and temporal non-uniform alterations of LV myocardial strain, providing new insights into the progression of dystrophin-deficient cardiomyopathy in this relevant model of DMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd10050217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T02:20:13Z","timestamp":1684203613000},"page":"217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatial and Temporal Non-Uniform Changes in Left Ventricular Myocardial Strain in Dogs with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bijan","family":"Ghaleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm U955-IMRB, Team 3, UPEC, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique\u2014H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor, Service de Cardiologie, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In\u00e8s","family":"Barth\u00e9lemy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm U955-IMRB, Team10, UPEC, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucien","family":"Sambin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm U955-IMRB, Team 3, UPEC, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Biz\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm U955-IMRB, Team 3, UPEC, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daphn\u00e9","family":"Corboz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm U955-IMRB, Team 3, UPEC, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Hittinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm U955-IMRB, Team 3, UPEC, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique\u2014H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pital Henri Mondor, Service de Cardiologie, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8982-0317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Blot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm U955-IMRB, Team10, UPEC, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1823-8928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Bo","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm U955-IMRB, Team 3, UPEC, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00007.2015","article-title":"Absence of Dystrophin Disrupts Skeletal Muscle Signaling: Roles of Ca2+, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Nitric Oxide in the Development of Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"96","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. 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