{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:19:04Z","timestamp":1792034344130,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Persistent Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is prevalent among extremely preterm infants, with its occurrence inversely related to gestational age. A persistent PDA correlates with increased mortality and morbidities such as intraventricular hemorrhage, pulmonary hemorrhage, chronic lung disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and necrotizing enterocolitis as observed clinically. Conversely, numerous randomized controlled trials have failed to demonstrate significant benefits from PDA treatment. One contributing factor to these conflicting findings is that PDA affects each individual differently depending on the cardiovascular decompensation and its hemodynamic impact. PDA management should be based on the hemodynamic significance, rather than just the presence or size of PDA. This comprehensive narrative review paper describes echocardiographic parameters that allow a better understanding of the hemodynamic impact of PDA. A newer modality, like lung ultrasound, is also described here as an adjunct to assess the PDA impact on the lungs from pulmonary overcirculation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11070199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T04:53:27Z","timestamp":1719809607000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Narrative Review on Echocardiographic Evaluation of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5207-9019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yogen","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of California\u2014UC Davis Children\u2019s Hospital, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2421-2572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belinda","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahab","family":"Noori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7358-601X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rangasamy","family":"Ramanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Cedars Sinai Guerin Children\u2019s, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021052874","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-052874","article-title":"Variation of Patent Ductus Arteriosus Treatment in Very Low Birth Weight Infants","volume":"148","author":"Runte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1528","article-title":"Prevalence of spontaneous closure of the ductus arteriosus in neonates at a birth weight of 1000 grams or less","volume":"117","author":"Koch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F498","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.092734","article-title":"Patent ductus arteriosus: Lack of evidence for common treatments","volume":"92","author":"Bose","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. 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