{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:22:20Z","timestamp":1790140940811,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]],"date-time":"2024-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac amyloidosis is the most frequent infiltrative disease caused by the deposition of misfolded proteins in the cardiac tissue, leading to heart failure, brady- and tachyarrhythmia and death. Conduction disorders, atrial fibrillation (AF) and ventricular arrhythmia (VA) significantly impact patient outcomes and demand recognition. However, several issues remain unresolved regarding early diagnosis and optimal management. Extreme bradycardia is the most common cause of arrhythmic death, while fast and sustained VAs can be found even in the early phases of the disease. Risk stratification and the prevention of sudden cardiac death are therefore to be considered in these patients, although the time for defibrillator implantation is still a subject of debate. Moreover, atrial impairment due to amyloid fibrils is associated with an increased risk of AF resistant to antiarrhythmic therapy, as well as recurrent thromboembolic events despite adequate anticoagulation. In the last few years, the aging of the population and progressive improvements in imaging methods have led to increases in the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. Novel therapies have been developed to improve patients\u2019 functional status, quality of life and mortality, without data regarding their effect on arrhythmia prevention. In this review, we consider the latest evidence regarding the arrhythmic risk stratification of cardiac amyloidosis, as well as the available therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11070222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T08:35:17Z","timestamp":1721032517000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Arrhythmic Risk Stratification in Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Review of the Current Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Bonvicini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, S. Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Preda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7782-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Tognola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Cardiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Falco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2968-7240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Gidiucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5875-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2802-1566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Vargiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4375-5991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Varrenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Gigli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3948-4914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Baroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Carbonaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2612-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Maloberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Cardiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Giannattasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Cardiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5775-1874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizio","family":"Mazzone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3473-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Guarracini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab072","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis: A position statement of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"42","author":"Rapezzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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