{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T05:51:30Z","timestamp":1791697890689,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Medical Research Council, Singapore"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ischemic stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability and has become a significant public health concern among women. Overall, women have more ischemic stroke events than men, in part due to their longer life span, and also suffer from more severe stroke-related disabilities compared to men. Women are also more likely than men to present with atypical non-focal neurological symptoms, potentially leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Female-specific risk factors, especially those related to pregnancy, are often under-recognized. A woman\u2019s risk for ischemic stroke evolves throughout her lifespan, influenced by various factors including the age of menarche, pregnancy and its complications (such as parity, pre-eclampsia\/eclampsia, and preterm delivery), postpartum challenges, oral contraceptive use, and menopause. Additionally, vascular risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation are more prevalent among older women. Despite comparable treatment efficacies, women generally experience poorer outcomes after stroke. They also face higher rates of post-stroke depression, further complicating recovery. Although significant strides have been made in reducing the incidence of ischemic stroke, our understanding of the unique risks, underlying causes, and long-term consequences for women remains limited. While sex hormones may explain some differences, a lack of awareness regarding sex-related disparities can result in suboptimal care. This review aims to illuminate the unique risks and burdens of ischemic stroke faced by women, advocating for a more nuanced understanding to enhance prevention and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11120382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T03:50:57Z","timestamp":1733111457000},"page":"382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ischemic Stroke in Women: Understanding Sex-Specific Risk Factors, Treatment Considerations, and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4172-1344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei Chia","family":"Eng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyeann Li Ying","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1107-0771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara N.","family":"Kimball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savvina","family":"Prapiadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1824-9077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin Y. Q.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000236053.37695.15","article-title":"Advancing the Study of Stroke in Women: Summary and Recommendations for Future Research From an NINDS-Sponsored Multidisciplinary Working Group","volume":"37","author":"Bushnell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.542894","article-title":"Gender Differences in Stroke Incidence and Poststroke Disability in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"40","author":"Petrea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00465","article-title":"Age and Sex Are Critical Factors in Ischemic Stroke Pathology","volume":"159","author":"McCullough","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.543157","article-title":"Quality of Care in Women With Ischemic Stroke in the GWTG Program","volume":"40","author":"Reeves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000083534.81284.C5","article-title":"Sex Differences in Management and Outcome After Stroke: A Swedish National Perspective","volume":"34","author":"Glader","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Northern Manhattan Stroke Study Collaborators, Sacco, R.L., Boden-Albala, B., Gan, R., Chen, X., Kargman, D.E., Shea, S., Paik, M.C., and Hauser, W.A. 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