{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:11Z","timestamp":1787028611107,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funding of the Italian Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aims of this study were to assess the efficacy of the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) scale based on the number of repetitions in reserve (RIR) before exhaustion for the prescription of resistance training in cardiac rehabilitation and to compare it to the percentage of estimated one-repetition maximum (1RM) prescription method. Sixteen male patients (age 60 \u00b1 8) with history of coronary artery disease were randomly assigned to two resistance training rehabilitation protocols lasting nine weeks and consisting of three sessions per week, with the same exercise selection, number of sets and repetitions, and rest periods, but different load prescription method (RPE vs. %1RM). Patients\u2019 strength was evaluated pre- and post-intervention. Patients in the RPE group showed significant increases in strength across all the exercises of the protocol (leg press 24.25 \u00b1 17.07 kg; chest press 7.25 \u00b1 3.41 kg; seated row 13.88 \u00b1 7.57 kg; leg extension 14.24 \u00b1 4.53 kg; shoulder press 5.75 \u00b1 4.06 kg; lat pulldown 7.50 \u00b1 4.66 kg). Post-intervention between-group analysis showed no differences in strength gains (leg press p = 0.955; chest press p = 0.965; seated row p = 0.763; leg extension p = 0.565; shoulder press p = 0.868; lat pulldown p = 0.780) and trivial effect sizes (ES) for one prescription method over the other (leg press ES = \u22120.03; chest press ES = 0.00; seated row ES = 0.10; leg extension ES = \u22120.29; shoulder press ES = 0.18; lat pulldown ES = 0.05). RPE based on RIR seems to be an effective prescription method for resistance training in cardiac rehabilitation, showing similar efficacy to the standardized practice of percentage of 1RM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T14:35:42Z","timestamp":1735742142000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Rate of Perceived Exertion Based on Repetitions in Reserve Versus Percentage of One-Repetition Maximum for Resistance Training Prescription in Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6374-6245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Gismondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Department, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8421-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Iellamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7820-567X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Caminiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Department, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Sposato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Department, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Gregorace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentino","family":"D\u2019Antoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Department, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Di Biasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Department, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Vadal\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Department, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Franchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Department, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Mancuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Department, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5734-2325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Morsella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Department, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2624-9213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Volterrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Department, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320913379","article-title":"Secondary prevention through comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation: From knowledge to implementation. 2020 update. A position paper from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology","volume":"28","author":"Ambrosetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz425","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes","volume":"41","author":"Knuuti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad191","article-title":"2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes","volume":"44","author":"Byrne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dibben, G., Faulkner, J., Oldridge, N., Rees, K., Thompson, D.R., Zwisler, A.-D., and Taylor, R.S. (2021). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 44.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001800.pub4"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320905719","article-title":"Effectiveness of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation in coronary artery disease patients treated according to contemporary evidence based medicine: Update of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Outcome Study (CROS-II)","volume":"27","author":"Salzwedel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-300302","article-title":"Rehabilitation after myocardial infarction trial (RAMIT): Multi-centre randomised controlled trial of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation in patients following acute myocardial infarction","volume":"98","author":"West","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.044","article-title":"Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation for Coronary Heart Disease Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"67","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019656","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019656","article-title":"Is exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation effective? A systematic review and meta-Analysis to re-examine the evidence","volume":"8","author":"Powell","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316657669","article-title":"A review of guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation exercise programmes: Is there an international consensus?","volume":"23","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01059-z","article-title":"Institutional Guidelines for Resistance Exercise Training in Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"49","author":"Fidalgo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104977","article-title":"If exercise is medicine, why don\u2019t we know the dose? An overview of systematic reviews assessing reporting quality of exercise interventions in health and disease","volume":"56","author":"Hansford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.07.019","article-title":"Effect of Cardiac Rehabilitation Dose on Mortality and Morbidity: A Systematic Review and Meta-regression Analysis","volume":"92","author":"Marzolini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khushhal, A., Nichols, S., Carroll, S., Abt, G., and Ingle, L. (2020). Characterising the application of the \u201cprogressive overload\u201d principle of exercise training within cardiac rehabilitation: A United Kingdom-based community programme. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237197"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.11.023","article-title":"The effects of resistance training on muscle strength, quality of life and aerobic capacity in patients with chronic heart failure\u2014A meta-analysis","volume":"227","author":"Giuliano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a439","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a439","article-title":"Association between muscular strength and mortality in men: Prospective cohort study","volume":"337","author":"Ruiz","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.06.035","article-title":"Quadriceps Strength as a Predictor of Mortality in Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"128","author":"Kamiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317713329","article-title":"The effect of progressive resistance training on aerobic fitness and strength in adults with coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"24","author":"Hollings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwab007","article-title":"Exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiovascular rehabilitation and beyond: Why and how: A position statement from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology","volume":"29","author":"Hansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.02.022","article-title":"Systematic review of high-intensity progressive resistance strength training of the lower limb compared with other intensities of strength training in older adults","volume":"94","author":"Raymond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0385-9","article-title":"Dose\u2013Response Relationships of Resistance Training in Healthy Old Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Borde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319847003","article-title":"Dynamic strength training intensity in cardiovascular rehabilitation: Is it time to reconsider clinical practice? A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.07.076","article-title":"Validation of rate of perceived exertion-based exercise training in patients with heart failure: Insights from autonomic nervous system adaptations","volume":"176","author":"Iellamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Tuchscherer, M. (The Reactive Training Manual: Developing Your Own Custom Training Program for Powerlifting, 2008). The Reactive Training Manual: Developing Your Own Custom Training Program for Powerlifting."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001049","article-title":"Novel Resistance Training-Specific Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale Measuring Repetitions in Reserve","volume":"30","author":"Zourdos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helms, E.R., Byrnes, R.K., Cooke, D.M., Haischer, M.H., Carzoli, J.P., Johnson, T.K., Cross, M.R., Cronin, J.B., Storey, A.G., and Zourdos, M.C. (2018). RPE vs. Percentage 1RM loading in periodized programs matched for sets and repetitions. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00247"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003164","article-title":"Autoregulation by \u201cRepetitions in Reserve\u201d Leads to Greater Improvements in Strength Over a 12-Week Training Program Than Fixed Loading","volume":"35","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-021-00404-9","article-title":"The Effect of Load and Volume Autoregulation on Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Hickmott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med.-Open"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096651","article-title":"Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT): Explanation and Elaboration Statement","volume":"50","author":"Slade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Haff, G.G., and Triplett, N.T. (2015). Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, Human Kinetics. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31827de07d","article-title":"The valsalva maneuver: Its effect on intra-abdominal pressure and safety issues during resistance exercise","volume":"27","author":"Hackett","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002097","article-title":"Self-rated accuracy of rating of perceived exertion-based load prescription in powerlifters","volume":"31","author":"Helms","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002032","article-title":"Rating of perceived exertion as a method of volume autoregulation within a periodized program","volume":"32","author":"Helms","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33267","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.33267","article-title":"Sample Size Justification","volume":"8","author":"Lakens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Collabra Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2015.09.005","article-title":"Effects of resistance training on muscle strength, exercise capacity, and mobility in middle-aged and elderly patients with coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.10.003","article-title":"The widespread misuse of effect sizes","volume":"20","author":"Dankel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"918","article-title":"Determining the magnitude of treatment effects in strength training research through the use of the effect size","volume":"18","author":"Rhea","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0673-7","article-title":"A Scientific Rationale to Improve Resistance Training Prescription in Exercise Oncology","volume":"47","author":"Fairman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000218","article-title":"Application of the Repetitions in Reserve-Based Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale for Resistance Training","volume":"38","author":"Helms","year":"2016","journal-title":"Strength Cond. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00934.2010","article-title":"Variability in training-induced skeletal muscle adaptation","volume":"110","author":"Timmons","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002585","article-title":"Resistance Training Load Effects on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength Gain: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacio, M., Vieira, J.G., Trybulski, R., Campos, Y., Santana, D., Filho, J.E., Novaes, J., Vianna, J., and Wilk, M. (2021). Effects of resistance training performed with different loads in untrained and trained male adult individuals on maximal strength and muscle hypertrophy: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111237"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01937-7","article-title":"Maximal Number of Repetitions at Percentages of the One Repetition Maximum: A Meta-Regression and Moderator Analysis of Sex, Age, Training Status, and Exercise","volume":"54","author":"Nuzzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.1099047","article-title":"The relationship between the number of repetitions performed at given intensities is different in endurance and strength trained athletes","volume":"31","author":"Richens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01559-x","article-title":"Accuracy in Predicting Repetitions to Task Failure in Resistance Exercise: A Scoping Review and Exploratory Meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Halperin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01330-8","article-title":"Autoregulation in Resistance Training: Addressing the Inconsistencies","volume":"50","author":"Greig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/12\/1\/8\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:01:44Z","timestamp":1760115704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/12\/1\/8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcdd12010008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd12010008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]}}}