{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:59:51Z","timestamp":1784303991989,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rate of major surgery is constantly increasing worldwide, and approximately 85% are non-cardiac surgery. More than half of patients over 45 years presenting for non-cardiac surgical interventions have cardiovascular risk factors, and the most common: chronic coronary syndrome and history of stroke. The preoperative cardiovascular risk is determined by the comorbidities, the clinical condition before the intervention, the urgency, duration or type. Cardiovascular risk scores are necessary tools to prevent perioperative cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and the most frequently used are Lee\/RCRI (Revised Cardiac Risk Index), APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation), POSSUM (Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enumeration of Mortality and Morbidity), The American University of Beirut (AUB)-HAS2. To reduce the perioperative risk, there is a need for an appropriate preoperative risk assessment, as well as the choice of the type and timing of surgical intervention. Quantification of surgical risk as low, intermediate, and high is useful in identifying the group of patients who are at risk of complications such as myocardial infarction, thrombosis, arrhythmias, heart failure, stroke or even death. Currently there are not enough studies that can differentiate the risk according to gender, race, elective versus emergency procedure, the value of cardiac biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12010024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T11:31:31Z","timestamp":1736767891000},"page":"24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Perioperative Risk: Short Review of Current Approach in Non Cardiac Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2627-1842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea","family":"Boghean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d Gala\u021bi, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5081-3577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Gu\u021bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d Gala\u021bi, 800008 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Military Hospital \u201cDr. Aristide Serfioti\u201d Gala\u021bi, 800150 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0133-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorel","family":"Firescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d Gala\u021bi, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60806-6","article-title":"Estimate of the global volume of surgery in 2012: An assessment supporting improved health outcomes","volume":"385","author":"Weiser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-312391","article-title":"Trends in cardiovascular risk factor and disease prevalence in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery","volume":"104","author":"Smilowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac270","article-title":"2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery","volume":"43","author":"Halvorsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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