{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T03:21:28Z","timestamp":1784344888759,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P20GM103443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103443"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Native Americans are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease in comparison with other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Previous research has analyzed risk factors, quantified prevalence rates, and examined outcomes of cardiovascular disease in Native Americans, yet few studies have considered the role of societal and psychological factors on the increased burden of cardiovascular disease in Native Americans. Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including poor nutrition, reduced physical activity, obesity, and increased substance use, are exacerbated in Native American communities due to cultural and historical factors. Further, Native Americans have endured historical trauma and continue to experience additional financial and healthcare stressors, resulting in increased levels of chronic stress. Chronic activation of stress responses through the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal and autonomic nervous system increases inflammation and cardiovascular dysfunction resulting in an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it is critical to examine the connection between these stressors and the cardiovascular health disparities in Native American communities to create effective strategies to improve health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12010027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T04:55:19Z","timestamp":1737003319000},"page":"27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the Native American Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5419-3009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krista","family":"Goerger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark K.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5100-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Holinstat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rothschild, H.R. 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