{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:33:31Z","timestamp":1790026411749,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a tool that allows for the analysis of otherwise unobservable blood flow patterns. In the context of medicine, CFD enables researchers to better understand acute and chronic pathophysiology as well as utilize modeling tools to predict blood flow patterns in response to surgical intervention. Such a tool is particularly useful in the field of congenital heart disease (CHD), where complex geometries and patient-specific pathology are common. Research applying CFD to study CHDs has significantly grown in the last twenty years, with new methodologies and recommendations being published at an even faster pace in the last decade. Many currently available reviews are focused on a particular area of progress or on the technical approaches to CFD geared toward the clinician. This review focuses on CFD application within the major domains of CHD research, specifically single ventricle defects and aortic coarctation, reviewing consensus seminal work while highlighting more recent avenues of study. Balancing discussion of CFD parameters with potential clinical implications of study results, this review not only aims to provide cardiovascular professionals context for the technical advancements being made in the field but also a sense of contemporary CFD\u2019s utility in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12020070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T10:36:58Z","timestamp":1739443018000},"page":"70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Congenital Heart Disease: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3282-3346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amartya","family":"Dave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6343-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1954-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usmaan","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aashi","family":"Dharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willa","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3710-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umar","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nhung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luka","family":"Pocivavsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narutoshi","family":"Hibino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"},{"name":"Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Institute, Advocate Children\u2019s Hospital, Oak Lawn, IL 60453, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.03.491","article-title":"Trends in Long-term Mortality after Congenital Heart Surgery","volume":"71","author":"Spector","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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