{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:54:24Z","timestamp":1789570464889,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiology and sleep societies recommend 7\u20139 h sleep\/night for adults (7\u20138 h for seniors) and more for youngsters; nonetheless, short sleep duration (SSD) of &lt;7 h\/night is epidemic. We searched PubMed for representative investigations, including those cited by meta-analyses, that reported association between SSD and long sleep duration (LSD) of &gt;9 h\/night and blood pressure (BP) levels to assess shortcomings of their methods. Studies indicate both SSD and LSD negatively impact BP despite major deficiencies, such as (i) reliance mainly on cross-sectional rather than longitudinal protocols, (ii) inclusion of participants diagnosed with hypertension (HTN) and\/or taking antihypertension medications, (iii) assessment of BP and diagnosis of HTN performed by single wake-time office measurement rather than multiple measurements performed by 24 h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), and (iv) determination of SD by subjective recall, single-night polysomnography, or diary recordings rather than objective wrist actigraphy of sufficient duration. The limited number of ABPM-based studies, despite evidencing major shortcomings, particularly (i) assessment for 24 h rather than preferred \u226548 h and (ii) inclusion of subjects diagnosed with HTN and\/or taking antihypertension medications, also report association between abnormal SD and elevated 24 h \u2018daytime\u2019\/wake-time diastolic and systolic (SBP) means plus \u2018nighttime\u2019\/sleep-time SBP mean and dipping\u2014the latter two indices, in combination, the strongest predictors of major adverse cardiovascular events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12030095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T12:02:59Z","timestamp":1741608179000},"page":"95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Findings and Methodological Shortcomings of Investigations Concerning the Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Blood Pressure: A Comprehensive Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Smolensky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"},{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n C.","family":"Hermida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"},{"name":"Bioengineering & Chronobiology Laboratories, Atlantic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Bioengineering & Chronobiology Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3502-4558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Castriotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6835-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Jian","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"},{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"The Texas Heart Institute at Baylor St. Luke\u2019s Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"843","article-title":"Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: A joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society","volume":"38","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5866","article-title":"Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: A consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine","volume":"12","author":"Paruthi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e18","article-title":"Life\u2019s Essential 8: Updating and enhancing the American Heart Association\u2019s construct of cardiovascular health: A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"146","author":"Allen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.10.024","article-title":"Fatigue and its management in the workplace","volume":"96","author":"Caldwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209988","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209988","article-title":"Association of self-reported sleep caracteristics with neuroimaging markers of brain aging years later in middle-aged adults","volume":"103","author":"Dintica","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.2017-0258-OA","article-title":"Short sleep duration among Thai nurses: Influences on fatigue, daytime sleepiness, and occupational errors","volume":"60","author":"Chaiard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi8370","article-title":"Brain neural patterns and the memory function of sleep","volume":"374","author":"Girardeau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5552","article-title":"Cognitive performance, sleepiness, and mood in partially sleep deprived adolescents: The Need for Sleep Study","volume":"39","author":"Lo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2018.10.008","article-title":"Insomnia symptoms and short sleep duration predict trajectory of mental health symptoms","volume":"54","author":"Biddle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, S.H., Baeg, M.K., Ko, S.Y., and Han, K.D. (2016). Women who sleep more have reduced risk of peptic ulcer disease; Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008\u20132009). Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36925"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4968","article-title":"Behaviorally assessed sleep and susceptibility to the common cold","volume":"38","author":"Prather","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10729","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010729","article-title":"Potential common factors associated with predisposition to common cold in middle-aged and elderly Japanese: A community-based cross-sectional study","volume":"97","author":"Shibata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17285","article-title":"Sleep duration and daytime napping in relation to incident inflammatory bowel disease: A prospective cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216314","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2216314","article-title":"Effects of insomnia on peptic ulcer disease using Mendelian randomization","volume":"2021","author":"Zha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.001","article-title":"Insufficient sleep is associated with impaired nitric oxide-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation","volume":"265","author":"Bain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsy047","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy047","article-title":"Insomnia with objective short sleep duration and risk of incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Sleep Heart Health Study","volume":"41","author":"Bertisch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.003","article-title":"Sleep duration and subclinical atherosclerosis: The Aragon Workers\u2019 Health Study","volume":"274","author":"Latre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2015.10.007","article-title":"Sleep duration and cardiovascular disease risk: Epidemiologic and experimental evidence","volume":"11","author":"Covassin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.022","article-title":"Sleep duration and myocardial infarction","volume":"74","author":"Daghlas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.060","article-title":"Association of sleep duration and quality with subclinical atherosclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Fuster","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1113\/EP087469","article-title":"Insufficient sleep is associated with a pro-atherogenic circulating microRNA signature","volume":"104","author":"Hijmans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.08.006","article-title":"Short sleep duration and health outcomes: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"32","author":"Itani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.06.011","article-title":"Long sleep duration and health outcomes: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"39","author":"Jike","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9382","article-title":"Sleep duration and vascular inflammation using hybrid positron emission tomography\/magnetic resonance imaging: Results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Kundel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008552","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008552","article-title":"Self-reported sleep duration and quality and cardiovascular disease and mortality: A dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Kwok","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6894","article-title":"Sleep quality, sleep duration, and the risk of coronary heart disease: A prospective cohort study with 60,586 adults","volume":"14","author":"Lao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2020.6138","article-title":"Interaction between microRNA and DNA methylation in atherosclerosis","volume":"40","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e027832","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.027832","article-title":"Association of objective and self-reported sleep duration with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: A community-based study","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini, K., Soleimani, H., Tavakoli, K., Maghsoudi, M., Heydari, N., Farahvash, Y., Etemadi, A., Najafi, K., Askari, M.K., and Gupta, R. (2024). Association between sleep duration and hypertension incidence: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307120"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101456","article-title":"The association of insomnia disorder characterised by objective short sleep duration with hypertension, diabetes and body mass index: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5024","article-title":"Relationship between duration of sleep and hypertension in adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-020-0372-y","article-title":"The association between sleep duration and hypertension: A meta and study sequential analysis","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-024-02622-0","article-title":"Methodological and reporting quality assessment of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in the association between sleep duration and hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6506a1","article-title":"Prevalence of healthy sleep duration among Adults--United States, 2014","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-019-01833-3","article-title":"Sleepless in Beirut: Sleep duration and associated subjective sleep insufficiency, daytime fatigue, and sleep debt in an urban environment","volume":"24","author":"Chami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"zsx130","article-title":"Short sleep duration increases metabolic impact in healthy adults: A population-based cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S329038","article-title":"The associations of trajectory of sleep duration and inflammation with hypertension: A Longitudinal Study in China","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsy159","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy159","article-title":"Changes in sleep duration and subsequent risk of hypertension in healthy adults","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ong, J.L., Tandi, J., Patanaik, A., Lo, J.C., and Chee, M.W.L. (2019). Large-scale data from wearables reveal regional disparities in sleep patterns that persist across age and sex. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40156-x"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6703a1","article-title":"Short sleep duration among middle school and high school students\u2014United States, 2015","volume":"67","author":"Wheaton","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7038a1","article-title":"Short sleep duration among infants, children, and adolescents aged 4 months-17 years\u2014United States, 2016\u20132018","volume":"70","author":"Wheaton","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.01.006","article-title":"Longitudinal study of the relationship between sleep duration and hypertension in Chinese adult residents (CHNS 2004\u20132011)","volume":"58","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.193268","article-title":"Insomnia with objective short sleep duration and incident hypertension: The Penn State Cohort","volume":"60","author":"Vgontzas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000217362.34748.e0","article-title":"Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypertension: Analyses of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"47","author":"Gangwisch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.8.1009","article-title":"Association of usual sleep duration with hypertension: The Sleep Heart Health Study","volume":"29","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7176","article-title":"Sleep duration and hypertension: Analysis of >700,000 adults by age and sex","volume":"14","author":"Grandner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.12.001","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence for the link between sleep duration and high blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.766410","article-title":"Sleep quality and elevated blood pressure in adolescents","volume":"118","author":"Javaheri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., and Shang, S. (2021). Relationship between sleep and hypertension: Findings from the NHANES (2007\u20132014). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157867"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003299","article-title":"Sleep and risk of hypertension in general American adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2015\u20132018)","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hypertens"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436502","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/436502","article-title":"Linking sleep to hypertension: Greater risk for blacks","volume":"2013","author":"Pandey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2016.11.003","article-title":"Differences in short and long sleep durations between blacks and whites attributed to emotional distress: Analysis of the National Health Interview Survey in the United States","volume":"3","author":"Seixas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.4.491","article-title":"Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with a high risk for hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Vgontzas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"164","article-title":"Night sleep duration and sleep initiation time with hypertension in Chinese rural population: The Henan Rural Cohort","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000711","article-title":"Associations between objective sleep and ambulatory blood pressure in a community sample","volume":"81","author":"Doyle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.165","article-title":"Relationship between self-reported sleep duration and changes in circadian blood pressure","volume":"22","author":"Friedman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-023-00241-w","article-title":"Clinical and life style factors related to the nighttime blood pressure, nighttime dipping and their phenotypes in Korean hypertensive patients","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-019-0938-7","article-title":"Sleep duration and blood pressure: Recent advances and future directions","volume":"21","author":"Makarem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199610000-00003","article-title":"Predictors of diurnal blood pressure changes in 2042 subjects with essential hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Schillaci","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13416","article-title":"Sleep duration and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in adults not on antihypertensive medications","volume":"20","author":"Shulman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3109\/10641960903254422","article-title":"Factors related to elevated 24-h blood pressure in young adults","volume":"31","author":"Fujikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.184770","article-title":"Sleep duration and ambulatory blood pressure in black and white adolescents","volume":"59","author":"Mezick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpt297","article-title":"Sleep duration and its association with ambulatory blood pressure in a school-based, diverse sample of adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Meininger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4565","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz754","article-title":"Bedtime hypertension treatment improves cardiovascular risk reduction: The Hygia Chronotherapy Trial","volume":"41","author":"Hermida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101454","article-title":"Extent of asleep blood pressure reduction by hypertension medications is ingestion-time dependent: Systematic review and meta-analysis of published human trials","volume":"59","author":"Hermida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.01.013","article-title":"Ingestion-time differences in the pharmacodynamics of hypertension medications: Systematic review of human chronopharmacology trials","volume":"170","author":"Hermida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2021.1931280","article-title":"Systematic review and quality evaluation of published human ingestion-time trials of blood pressure-lowering medications and their combinations","volume":"38","author":"Hermida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.101914","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the association between insomnia with objective short sleep duration and risk of hypertension","volume":"75","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-018-0135-1","article-title":"Correlation between sleep duration and hypertension: A dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"e61508","article-title":"The effect of sleep duration on hypertension risk in an adult Asian population: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Nurrobi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(98)00200-3","article-title":"Effects of insufficient sleep on blood pressure in hypertensive patients: A 24-h study","volume":"12","author":"Lusardi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.07.007","article-title":"Restricted and disrupted sleep: Effects on autonomic function, neuroendocrine stress systems and stress responsivity","volume":"12","author":"Meerlo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01376-8","article-title":"Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function","volume":"354","author":"Spiegel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648221147917","article-title":"Long sleep duration increases the risk of all-cause mortality among community-dwelling older adults with frailty: Evidence From NHANES 2009\u20132014","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2012.01053.x","article-title":"Long sleep duration and cause-specific mortality according to physical function and self-rated health: The Ohsaki Cohort Study","volume":"22","author":"Kakizaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.09.024","article-title":"Association between sleep duration, weight gain, and obesity for long period","volume":"14","author":"Nagai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2009.06.016","article-title":"Sleep duration, sleep quality and cardiovascular disease mortality among the elderly: A population-based cohort study","volume":"49","author":"Suzuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.11.001","article-title":"Association between long sleep duration and increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: A review of possible mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-100103970","article-title":"Circadian rhythm of double (rate-pressure) product in healthy normotensive young subjects","volume":"18","author":"Hermida","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.02.003","article-title":"Circadian mechanisms of 24-hour blood pressure regulation and patterning","volume":"33","author":"Smolensky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c210008","article-title":"The circadian rhythm of thermoregulation modulates both the sleep\/wake cycle and 24 h pattern of arterial blood pressure","volume":"11","author":"Haghayegh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-2940-8","article-title":"Hands and feet: Physiological insulators, radiators and evaporators","volume":"114","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physio."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.701489","article-title":"Circadian pattern of ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients with and without type 2 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Ayala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.701460","article-title":"Treatment-time regimen of hypertension medications significantly affects ambulatory blood pressure and clinical characteristics of patients with resistant hypertension","volume":"30","author":"Hermida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2009.56","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypertension: Ambulatory blood pressure","volume":"32","author":"Kario","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.701489","article-title":"Comparison of ambulatory blood pressure parameters of hypertensive patients with and without chronic kidney disease","volume":"30","author":"Ayala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-016-1333-0","article-title":"Nocturnal systolic blood pressure is increased in restless legs syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Sieminski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.750490","article-title":"2013 ambulatory blood pressure monitoring recommendations for the diagnosis of adult hypertension, assessment of cardiovascular and other hypertension-associated risk, and attainment of therapeutic goals","volume":"30","author":"Hermida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4159","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy475","article-title":"Asleep blood pressure: Significant prognostic marker of vascular risk and therapeutic target for prevention","volume":"39","author":"Hermida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"e31437","article-title":"The evolution of hypertension guidelines over the last 20+ years: A comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Evbayekha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.19.2560","article-title":"The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 report","volume":"289","author":"Chobanian","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000066","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: Executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032582","article-title":"Potential US population impact of the 2017 ACC\/AHA High Blood Pressure Guideline","volume":"137","author":"Muntner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.087262","article-title":"Predictors of all-cause mortality in clinical ambulatory monitoring: Unique aspects of blood pressure during sleep","volume":"49","author":"Kark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2007.7","article-title":"Impaired diurnal blood pressure variation and all-cause mortality","volume":"21","author":"Brotman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000170138.56903.7a","article-title":"Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: The Dublin outcome study","volume":"46","author":"Dolan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/MBP.0b013e32831054f5","article-title":"Prognostic significance of ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients with history of cardiovascular disease","volume":"13","author":"Fagard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood Press. Monit."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32833b49fe","article-title":"Prognostic value of isolated nocturnal hypertension on ambulatory measurement in 8711 individuals from 10 populations","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.04.043","article-title":"Decreasing sleep-time blood pressure determined by ambulatory monitoring reduces cardiovascular risk","volume":"58","author":"Hermida","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.702581","article-title":"Sleep-time blood pressure: Prognostic value and relevance as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular risk reduction","volume":"30","author":"Hermida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.20.06834-2","article-title":"Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring-based definition of true arterial hypertension","volume":"111","author":"Hermida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2020.1746274","article-title":"New perspectives on the definition, diagnosis, and treatment of true arterial hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Hermida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000355","article-title":"Prognostic impact from clinic, daytime, and night-time systolic blood pressure in nine cohorts of 13,844 patients with hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Roush","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200211000-00017","article-title":"Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure: The Ohasama study","volume":"20","author":"Ohkubo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06981","article-title":"Prognostic effect of the nocturnal blood pressure fall in hypertensive patients: The ambulatory blood pressure collaboration in patients with hypertension (ABC-H) meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Salles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12909","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12909","article-title":"Hypertension: New perspective on its definition and clinical management by bedtime therapy substantially reduces cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"48","author":"Hermida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.701457","article-title":"Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: Importance of sampling rate and duration\u201448 versus 24 hours\u2014on the accurate assessment of cardiovascular risk","volume":"30","author":"Hermida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1658201","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of hypertension: Around-the-clock ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is substantially more effective and less costly than daytime office blood pressure measurements","volume":"36","author":"Hermida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-1791-3","article-title":"The definition of daytime and nighttime influences the interpretation of ABPM in children","volume":"26","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mortazavi, B.J., Martinez-Brockman, J.L., Tessier-Sherman, B., Burg, M., Miller, M., Nowroozilarki, Z., Adams, O.P., Maharaj, R., Nazario, C.M., and Nunez, M. (2023). Classification of blood pressure during sleep impacts designation of nocturnal nondipping. PLOS Digit. Health, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000267"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arora, T., Broglia, E., Pushpakumar, D., Lodhi, T., and Taheri, S. (2013). An investigation into the strength of the association and agreement levels between subjective and objective sleep duration in adolescents. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072406"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.03.014","article-title":"Inaccuracy between subjective reports and objective measures of sleep duration and clinical correlates in bipolar disorder","volume":"250","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181fe365a","article-title":"Sleep misperception and chronic insomnia in the general population: Role of objective sleep duration and psychological profiles","volume":"73","author":"Calhoun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02650.x","article-title":"The first night effect: An EEG study of sleep","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"1966","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.02.011","article-title":"The first night effect during polysomnography, and patients\u2019 estimates of sleep quality","volume":"274","author":"Byun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.03.013","article-title":"How are adolescents sleeping? Adolescent sleep patterns and sociodemographic differences in 24 European and North American Countries","volume":"66","author":"Gariepy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.07.007","article-title":"Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review","volume":"21","author":"Hale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2017.11.014","article-title":"Youth screen media habits and sleep: Sleep-friendly screen behavior recommendations for clinicians, educators, and parents","volume":"27","author":"Hale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child. Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsy101","article-title":"Featured Article: Technology use and sleep in adolescents with and without attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"44","author":"Bourchtein","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.02.006","article-title":"Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: A review","volume":"11","author":"Cain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006748","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006748","article-title":"Sleep and use of electronic devices in adolescence: Results from a large population-based study","volume":"5","author":"Hysing","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.07.030","article-title":"Impact of chronotype, insomnia symptoms, sleep duration, and electronic devices on nonrestorative sleep and daytime sleepiness among Japanese adolescents","volume":"110","author":"Otsuka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.5935\/1984-0063.20180046","article-title":"Exposure to video games: Effects on sleep and on post-sleep cognitive abilities. A systematic review of experimental evidence","volume":"11","author":"Peracchia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e031161","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031161","article-title":"Social media use and adolescent sleep patterns: Cross-sectional findings from the UK millennium cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2017.05.001","article-title":"Disruption of adolescents\u2019 circadian clock: The vicious circle of media use, exposure to light at night, sleep loss and risk behaviors","volume":"110","author":"Touitou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Paris"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2018.03.007","article-title":"Inducing more sleep on school nights reduces sedentary behavior without affecting physical activity in short-sleeping adolescents","volume":"47","author":"Krietsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.699128","article-title":"Tendency toward eveningness is associated with unhealthy dietary habits","volume":"29","author":"Kanerva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26574","article-title":"Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks","volume":"89","author":"Nedeltcheva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2792","article-title":"Effects of experimental sleep restriction on weight gain, caloric intake, and meal timing in healthy adults","volume":"36","author":"Spaeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.10.092","article-title":"Prolonged, controlled daytime versus delayed eating impacts weight and metabolism","volume":"31","author":"Allison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.157","article-title":"Associations among late chronotype, body mass index and dietary behaviors in young adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Arora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrington, W.E., and Beresford, S.A.A. (2019). Eating occasions, obesity and related behaviors in working adults: Does it matter when you snack?. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102320"},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Culnan, E., Kloss, J.D., and Grandner, M. A prospective study of weight gain associated with chronotype among college freshmen, Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00975.x","article-title":"The night-eating syndrome and obesity","volume":"13","author":"Gallant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marriott, B.M. (1995). From biologic rhythms to chronomes relevant for nutrition. Not Eating Enough: Overcoming Underconsumption of Military Operational Rations, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Military Nutrition Research, National Academies Press (US).","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA300575"},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"33","article-title":"Relative body weight loss on limited free-choice meal consumed as breakfast rather than dinner","volume":"2","author":"Jacobs","year":"1975","journal-title":"Chronobiologia"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.05.010","article-title":"Late-night overeating is associated with smaller breakfast, breakfast skipping, and obesity in children: The Healthy Growth Study","volume":"33","author":"Karatzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2018.1515772","article-title":"Chronotype and energy intake timing in relation to changes in anthropometrics: A 7-year follow-up study in adults","volume":"36","author":"Maukonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.161588","article-title":"Later circadian timing of food intake is associated with increased body fat","volume":"106","author":"McHill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439571","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2439571","article-title":"The association of having a late dinner or bedtime snack and skipping breakfast with overweight in Japanese women","volume":"2019","author":"Okada","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.09.007","article-title":"Late isocaloric eating increases hunger, decreases energy expenditure, and modifies metabolic pathways in adults with overweight and obesity","volume":"34","author":"Piron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0284-x","article-title":"Meal timing and obesity: Interactions with macronutrient intake and chronotype","volume":"43","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-21-0155","article-title":"The links between sleep duration, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"252","author":"Antza","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basdeki, E.D., Koumi, K., Tsirimiagkou, C., Argyris, A., Chrysostomou, S., Sfikakis, P.P., Protogerou, A.D., and Karatzi, K. (2022). Late-night overeating or low-quality food choices late at night are associated with subclinical vascular damage in patients at increased cardiovascular risk. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030470"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.119","article-title":"Association between sleep duration and overweight: The importance of parenting","volume":"36","author":"Stocks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.022","article-title":"Possible association between eating behaviors and cardiovascular disease in the general population: Analysis of a nationwide epidemiological database","volume":"320","author":"Kaneko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5695","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216951110","article-title":"Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain","volume":"110","author":"Markwald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"89","article-title":"Circadian and ultradian rhythms in eating behavior and nutrient intake in oil refinery operators (study 2)","volume":"5","author":"Reinberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Chronobiologia"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.02.010","article-title":"Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"84","author":"Reutrakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00008","article-title":"Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite","volume":"141","author":"Spiegel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7374","article-title":"Insufficient sleep duration is associated with dietary habits, screen time, and obesity in children","volume":"14","author":"Tambalis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0298","article-title":"Sleep and the epidemic of obesity in children and adults","volume":"159","author":"Knutson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement","volume":"112","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakour, C., Mansuri, F., Johns-Rejano, C., Crozier, M., Wilson, R., and Sappenfield, W. (2022). Association between screen time and obesity in US adolescents: A cross-sectional analysis using National Survey of Children\u2019s Health 2016\u20132017. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278490"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.06.003","article-title":"Associations between physical activity, sedentary time, sleep duration and daytime sleepiness in US adults","volume":"66","author":"McClain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000222847.35004.a5","article-title":"Relationship between physical activity and body mass index in adolescents","volume":"38","author":"Sulemana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230842","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.0842","article-title":"Analysis of cardiorespiratory fitness in early adulthood and midlife with all-cause mortality and fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular disease","volume":"6","author":"Jaeger","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.153","article-title":"Non-dipping pattern of hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Wolf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.11.035","article-title":"Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents","volume":"83","author":"Logan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3109\/10826080903498952","article-title":"Decreased psychological well-being in late \u2018chronotypes\u2019 is mediated by smoking and alcohol consumption","volume":"45","author":"Wittmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-003-0085-y","article-title":"Cardiometabolic syndrome: Pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"5","author":"Castro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"200212","article-title":"The Global burden of premature cardiovascular disease, 1990\u20132019","volume":"19","author":"Lababidi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Risk Prev."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/12\/3\/95\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:49:21Z","timestamp":1760028561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/12\/3\/95"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]},"references-count":162,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcdd12030095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd12030095","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]}}}