{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:07:12Z","timestamp":1790644032888,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy are commonly used in the general population and sometimes in athletes experiencing cardiovascular disorders. In these cases, the treatment has to be tailored according to the individual bleeding and thrombotic risk profile, also considering the intrinsic risk of sports activities when advising athletes for eligibility for competitive sports. In athletes, it is necessary to pre-assess the individual bleeding risk, considering not only the personal bleeding risk (usually low in athletes) but also the type of sport the athlete would like to practice, with careful consideration in sports where traumatic collisions are highly likely. Additionally, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used among athletes, and antiplatelet therapy may further increase the bleeding risk. Therefore, in selected competitive athletes, the default approach for antithrombotic therapy could be personalized. This review discusses the clinical management challenges of competitive athletes under antithrombotic or antiplatelet therapy, focusing on the intrinsic risks of sports practice and the indications for sports eligibility and disqualification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12040151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T05:28:07Z","timestamp":1744262887000},"page":"151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Therapy in Athletes: A Cautious Compromise\u2026 If Possible!"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0947-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavio","family":"D\u2019Ascenzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Cardiology and Rehab Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guglielmo Leonardo","family":"Manfredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Cardiology and Rehab Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Minasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2915-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Luca","family":"Ragazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Cardiology and Rehab Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luna","family":"Cavigli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Cardiology and Rehab Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3578-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Zorzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia Elena","family":"Mandoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Concetta","family":"Pastore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0879-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Focardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Cameli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Fineschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Interventional Cardiology, University Hospital Santa Maria alle Scotte, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serafina","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7329.71","article-title":"Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients","volume":"324","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin. 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