{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T20:50:53Z","timestamp":1785358253982,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Advances in medical care of patients with tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) have significantly altered the natural course of the disease by prolonging life. Thus, our focus has now shifted to exploring the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of those patients. This study sought to explore the HRQoL of adult patients operated on for ToF using two validated instruments\u2014the SF-36 and EQ-5D\u2014that highlight both physical and mental aspects of the disease. Methods: A total of 115 individuals (53 ToF patients and 60 healthy controls) were recruited for the purposes of this study. HRQoL was assessed through the SF-36 and EQ-5D instruments. Comparisons were made between ToF patients and controls with subgroup analyses based on sex and age. Results: ToF patients reported significantly poorer HRQoL in the physical domains, namely Physical Functioning, Role Physical, General Health, and Physical Component Summary of the SF-36 when compared to controls (p &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, there was a trend towards lower Bodily Pain and better Vitality scores in ToF subjects. Age influenced HRQoL, with older respondents rating their physical health lower than younger patients and controls (p &lt; 0.05). EQ-5D VAS scores indicated that ToF patients perceived their overall health worse than controls (80.02 vs. 86.92, p &lt; 0.001), with Anxiety\/Depression being the most frequently reported problem (45.3%). Controls reported better HRQoL than ToF patients across all SF-36 domains in both health states (EQ-5D = 1 and EQ-5D &gt; 1), except for Bodily Pain and Vitality in EQ-5D = 1. Significant differences were observed in Physical Functioning, Role Physical, General Health, Vitality, and Physical Component Score. Notably, ToF patients with EQ-5D = 1 showed unexpectedly higher Vitality scores than controls; however, this advantage diminished significantly in the EQ-5D &gt; 1 group. Conclusions: Adult ToF survivors experience significant physical limitations as expected, while mental health seems to remain relatively unaffected compared to healthy peers. These findings underscore the importance of HRQoL assessment in patients with congenital heart disease and the need for disease-specific HRQoL instruments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12050178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T11:46:19Z","timestamp":1746618379000},"page":"178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quality of Life in Adults with Tetralogy of Fallot: Physical Limitations and Psychological Well-Being"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6802-3976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Zachos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Economics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Department, General Hospital of Karditsa, Tavropou (Terma), 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelina","family":"Pappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, Riga Fereou 169 & Tsamadou, 26222 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7312-0976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikias","family":"Milaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias 114, 10679 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5097-9590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Nevras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, General Hospital of Karditsa, Tavropou (Terma), 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3561-5713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paschalis","family":"Karakasis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias 114, 10679 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0995-7015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Ktenopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias 114, 10679 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Karakosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Echocardiography Training Center \u201cD. Beldekos\u201d, Cardiology Department, Tzaneio General Hospital of Pireaus, 18536 Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6314-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alkistis-Eleni","family":"Kalesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Echocardiography Training Center \u201cD. Beldekos\u201d, Cardiology Department, Tzaneio General Hospital of Pireaus, 18536 Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nearchos","family":"Kasinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Echocardiography Training Center \u201cD. Beldekos\u201d, Cardiology Department, Tzaneio General Hospital of Pireaus, 18536 Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasios","family":"Theodosis Georgilas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Echocardiography Training Center \u201cD. Beldekos\u201d, Cardiology Department, Tzaneio General Hospital of Pireaus, 18536 Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0267-1827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanos","family":"Despotopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Kallithea, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sotiria","family":"Apostolopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Kallithea, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Niakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Economics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17174.1","article-title":"Current outcomes and treatment of tetralogy of Fallot","volume":"8","author":"Bogers","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.025","article-title":"Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Konings","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1062386"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/12\/5\/178\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:28:57Z","timestamp":1760030937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/12\/5\/178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcdd12050178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd12050178","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]}}}