{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:44:43Z","timestamp":1787586283448,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","award":["CP20\/0060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP20\/0060"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of hospital admissions and in-hospital mortality among the elderly. This study aims to characterize HF patients admitted to Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital (HUVV), identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality and analyze the impact of added morbidity on healthcare costs. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS) at HUVV. We included all discharges with a primary diagnosis of HF in 2021. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with mortality, and cost analysis was performed to assess the economic impact of added morbidity. Results: A total of 731 hospital discharges for HF were analyzed, with a mortality rate of 14.77%. Mortality was significantly associated with age \u2265 75 years (OR = 4.12; p &lt; 0.001), high or extreme severity (OR = 2.26 and 8.10, respectively; p &lt; 0.001), and more than 10 diagnoses at discharge (OR = 2.95; p &lt; 0.01). Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) was associated with a reduced risk of death (OR = 0.29; p &lt; 0.001). Hospital-acquired morbidity occurred in 27.22% of patients, resulting in an additional cost of EUR 152,780.61, representing a 3.8% increase over the total hospitalization costs. Conclusions: In-hospital mortality in HF patients at HUVV is strongly associated with advanced age, disease severity, and multiple comorbidities. Treatment with ACEIs or ARBs was associated with a lower likelihood of in-hospital mortality. Preventable added morbidity was associated with increased healthcare costs, highlighting the importance of infection control measures and multidisciplinary management to potentially improve outcomes and reduce costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12050185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T04:39:16Z","timestamp":1747283956000},"page":"185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In-Hospital Mortality and Costs of Added Morbidity in Heart Failure Patients at a University Hospital: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Raya Ortega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Mart\u00ednez Tapias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Admisi\u00f3n y Documentaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Ferreras Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Admisi\u00f3n y Documentaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6759-0514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Cardiolog\u00eda y Cirug\u00eda Cardiovascular, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV-ISCIII), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Dermatolog\u00eda, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 20971 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3762-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almudena","family":"Ortega-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Nutrici\u00f3n, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN-ISCIII), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8323-0893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Romero-Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Cardiolog\u00eda y Cirug\u00eda Cardiovascular, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV-ISCIII), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9020-639X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"G\u00f3mez-Doblas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Cardiolog\u00eda y Cirug\u00eda Cardiovascular, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV-ISCIII), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Dermatolog\u00eda, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 20971 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2013.03.014","article-title":"Epidemiolog\u00eda de la insuficiencia cardiaca en Espa\u00f1a en los \u00faltimos 20 a\u00f1os","volume":"66","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. 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