{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T14:12:59Z","timestamp":1789222379513,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac rehabilitation should be suggested after mitral valve intervention. Physical exercise is associated with improved cardiorespiratory fitness and clinical outcome and reduced rehospitalization and mortality in patients after heart valve surgery. Tailored assessment is the first step before starting a cardiac rehabilitation program. Physical examination, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and peak exercise capacity stratify the risk of these patients when prescribing appropriate supervised aerobic and resistance exercise training. Cardiac rehabilitation participation impacts physical capacity, psychosocial function, and prognosis in patients after mitral valve surgery and transcatheter edge-to-edge repair. However, further evidence is needed on the efficacy and safety of cardiac rehabilitation programs, as well as standardization. In this review, we provide a contemporary and comprehensive update on the role of cardiac rehabilitation in patients after mitral valve intervention, after both mitral valve surgery and transcatheter mitral valve implantation. Specifically, we focus our review on the tailored assessment and management of these patients from post-operative to cardiac rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12070265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T09:38:27Z","timestamp":1752140307000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cardiac Rehabilitation After Mitral Valve Intervention: Tailored Assessment, Management, and Exercise Training"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1418-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Perone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Rehabilitation Clinic \u2018Villa delle Magnolie\u2019, Castel Morrone, 81020 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Loguercio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, ASST Crema, Santa Marta Hospital, 26027 Rivolta D\u2019Adda, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7551-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Sabato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Hildebrand Rehabilitation Center Brissago, Via Crodolo, 6614 Brissago, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8015-6923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Pasquini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2448-1799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Ostojic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashot","family":"Avagimyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Yerevan State Medical University After M. Heratsi, Korun Street 2a, Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9586-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaida","family":"Sileikiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Ciurlionio Str. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Santariskiu Str. 2, Vilnius, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9108-8391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Popiolek-Kalisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Dietetics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodzki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardinal Wyszynski Hospital in Lublin, Al. Krasnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7711-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Aleksova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, 34139 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34139 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9878-4565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Ambrosetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, ASST Crema, Santa Marta Hospital, 26027 Rivolta D\u2019Adda, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.021","article-title":"The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks: A Compass for Global Action","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aluru, J.S., Barsouk, A., Saginala, K., Rawla, P., and Barsouk, A. (2022). Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology. Med. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci10020032"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab395","article-title":"2021 ESC\/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","volume":"43","author":"Vahanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.067","article-title":"Acute and 12-month results with catheter-based mitral valve leaflet repair: The EVEREST II (Endovascular Valve Edge-to-Edge Repair) High Risk Study","volume":"59","author":"Whitlow","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-19-00718","article-title":"Impact of mitral regurgitation aetiology on MitraClip outcomes: The MitraSwiss registry","volume":"16","author":"Klersy","year":"2020","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2022.01.281","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Increased Mitral Valve Gradient After Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair for Primary Mitral Regurgitation","volume":"15","author":"Yoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2024.05.018","article-title":"Impact of Intraprocedural Mitral Regurgitation and Gradient Following Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair for Primary Mitral Regurgitation","volume":"17","author":"Ludwig","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perone, F., Peruzzi, M., Conte, E., Sciarra, L., Frati, G., Cavarretta, E., and Pingitore, A. (2023). An Overview of Sport Participation and Exercise Prescription in Mitral Valve Disease. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd10070304"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwab007","article-title":"Exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiovascular rehabilitation and beyond: Why and how: A position statement from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology","volume":"29","author":"Hansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Pelliccia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E19","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000431","article-title":"Effects of Different Rehabilitation Protocols in Inpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"Zanini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi426","article-title":"Recommendations for the management of patients after heart valve surgery","volume":"26","author":"Butchart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"CD010876","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults after heart valve surgery","volume":"5","author":"Abraham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000104","article-title":"Cardiac Rehabilitation After Heart Valve Surgery: Comparison with coronary artery bypass graft patients","volume":"35","author":"Savage","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.06.007","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation after heart valve surgery","volume":"3","author":"Kiel","year":"2011","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2021-319767","article-title":"Care of the patient after valve intervention","volume":"108","author":"Millar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001289","article-title":"Core Components of Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs: 2024 Update: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation","volume":"150","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwab058","article-title":"Athletes with valvular heart disease and competitive sports: A position statement of the Sport Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology","volume":"28","author":"Gati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamulevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117-Prascien\u0117, E., Beigien\u0117, A., Thompson, M.J., Baln\u0117, K., Kubilius, R., and Bjarnason-Wehrens, B. (2021). The impact of additional resistance and balance training in exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in older patients after valve surgery or intervention: Randomized control trial. BMC Geriatr., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01964-3"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000605211044320","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605211044320","article-title":"Effectiveness of early cardiac rehabilitation in patients with heart valve surgery: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"50","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.4032","article-title":"Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation With Decreased Hospitalization and Mortality Risk After Cardiac Valve Surgery","volume":"4","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.03.052","article-title":"Survey Reported Participation in Cardiac Rehabilitation and Survival After Mitral or Aortic Valve Surgery","volume":"117","author":"Pack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"189","article-title":"Exercise tolerance and working capacity after valve replacement","volume":"1","author":"Gohlke","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Heart Valve Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.051","article-title":"Effect of mitral valve repair on exercise tolerance in asymptomatic patients with organic mitral regurgitation","volume":"154","author":"Madaric","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ezad207","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezad207","article-title":"Transaxillary approach enhances postoperative recovery after mitral valve surgery","volume":"64","author":"Malvindi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ytad621","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytad621","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation for elderly, weak patients who undergo transcatheter edge-to-edge repair: A case report","volume":"8","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, T., Kowalski, M., Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., Ritter, F., M\u00f6nnig, G., and Reiss, N. (2022). Feasibility of inpatient cardiac rehabilitation after percutaneous mitral valve reconstruction using clipping procedures: A retrospective analysis. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-022-00517-y"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.030","article-title":"Cardiac Rehabilitation for Patients With Heart Failure: JACC Expert Panel","volume":"77","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.04.033","article-title":"Effect of endurance exercise training on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: A randomized, controlled, single-blind trial","volume":"62","author":"Kitzman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001615","article-title":"Exercise training in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: Meta-analysis of randomized control trials","volume":"8","author":"Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"CD011285","article-title":"Exercise-based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension","volume":"3","author":"Morris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-309414","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation increases physical capacity but not mental health after heart valve surgery: A randomised clinical trial","volume":"102","author":"Sibilitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.0609","article-title":"Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Pearce","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034075","article-title":"Mitral Valve Prolapse, Ventricular Arrhythmias, and Sudden Death","volume":"140","author":"Basso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipej.2016.10.009","article-title":"The effect of mitral valve surgery on ventricular arrhythmia in patients with bileaflet mitral valve prolapse","volume":"16","author":"Naksuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian Pacing Electrophysiol. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.07.174","article-title":"Mitral valve repair is an effective treatment for ventricular arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse syndrome","volume":"177","author":"Abbadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2022.01.007","article-title":"Delivery, barriers, and enablers to patient participation in inpatient cardiac rehabilitation following cardiac surgery: An integrative review","volume":"36","author":"Nasrawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2014.03.013","article-title":"Mitral valve repair: An echocardiographic review: Part 2","volume":"29","author":"Maslow","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"II39","article-title":"Do patients with less than \u2018echo-perfect\u2019 results from mitral valve repair by intraoperative echocardiography have a different outcome?","volume":"88","author":"Fix","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.07.097","article-title":"Mitral valve repair based on physical characterization of coaptation forces","volume":"159","author":"Grinberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2006.09.024","article-title":"Systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair: Is surgical intervention necessary?","volume":"133","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.01.063","article-title":"Management of systolic anterior motion after mitral valve repair: An algorithm","volume":"143","author":"Varghese","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shabsigh, M., Lawrence, C., Rosero-Britton, B.R., Kumar, N., Kimura, S., Durda, M.A., and Essandoh, M. (2016). Mitral Valve Stenosis after Open Repair Surgery for Non-rheumatic Mitral Valve Regurgitation: A Review. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2016.00008"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.10.004","article-title":"Guidelines for the Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function With Cardiovascular Imaging: A Report From the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration With the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography","volume":"37","author":"Zoghbi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(81)90287-3","article-title":"Systolic and diastolic properties of the human left ventricle during valve replacement for chronic mitral regurgitation","volume":"47","author":"Wong","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchetti, D., Di Lenarda, F., Novembre, M.L., Paolisso, P., Schillaci, M., Melotti, E., Doldi, M., Terzi, R., Gallazzi, M., and Conte, E. (2023). Contemporary Echocardiographic Evaluation of Mitral Regurgitation and Guidance for Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12227121"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.24586","article-title":"Residual mitral valve regurgitation after percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip\u00ae system is a risk factor for adverse one-year outcome","volume":"81","author":"Paranskaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ezae328","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezae328","article-title":"Permanent pacemaker implantation after combined mitral- and tricuspid valve surgery: A nationwide multicentre study","volume":"66","author":"Olsthoorn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.13545","article-title":"Transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography: A systematic review of feasibility and impact on diagnosis, management and outcome after cardiac surgery","volume":"71","author":"Heiberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.72.4.327","article-title":"Pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery: Incidence, site, size, and haemodynamic consequences","volume":"72","author":"Pepi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy, D., Laghlam, D., Estagnasie, P., Brusset, A., Squara, P., and Nguyen, L.S. (2021). Post-operative Right Ventricular Failure After Cardiac Surgery: A Cohort Study. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.667328"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.17226","article-title":"Impact of rapid rehabilitation surgery on perioperative nursing in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Card. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2022.1651","article-title":"Effectiveness and Safety of Early Initiation of Poststernotomy Cardiac Rehabilitation Exercise Training: The SCAR Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Ennis","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanejima, Y., Shimogai, T., Kitamura, M., Ishihara, K., and Izawa, K.P. (2020). Effect of Early Mobilization on Physical Function in Patients after Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197091"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000890","article-title":"Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Outcomes After Cardiac Surgery: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"44","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hegazy, F.A., Kamel, S.M., Abdelhamid, A.S., Aboelnasr, E.A., Elshazly, M., and Hassan, A.M. (2021). Effect of postoperative high load long duration inspiratory muscle training on pulmonary function and functional capacity after mitral valve replacement surgery: A randomized controlled trial with follow-up. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256609"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20220165","DOI":"10.21470\/1678-9741-2022-0165","article-title":"Efficacy of Respiratory Muscle Training in the Immediate Postoperative Period of Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"39","author":"Aquino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz. J. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2504145","article-title":"Exploring the Impact of Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs on Health-Related Quality of Life and Physiological Outcomes in Patients Post Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts: A Systematic Review","volume":"25","author":"Subih","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eleyan, L., Gonnah, A.R., Farhad, I., Labib, A., Varia, A., Eleyan, A., Almehandi, A., Al-Naseem, A.O., and Roberts, D.H. (2025). Exercise Training in Heart Failure: Current Evidence and Future Directions. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020359"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciuca-Pan\u0103, M.A., Boulmpou, A., Ileri, C., Manzi, G., Golino, M., Ostojic, M., Galimzhanov, A., Busnatu, S., Mega, S., and Perone, F. (2025). Chronic Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease: Pharmacological Treatment and Cardiac Rehabilitation. Medicina, 61.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61020211"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostojic, M., Ostojic, M., Petrovic, O., Nedeljkovic-Arsenovic, O., Perone, F., Banovic, M., Stojmenovic, T., Stojmenovic, D., Giga, V., and Beleslin, B. (2024). Endurance Sports and Atrial Fibrillation: A Puzzling Conundrum. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247691"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perone, F., Bernardi, M., Redheuil, A., Mafrica, D., Conte, E., Spadafora, L., Ecarnot, F., Tokgozoglu, L., Santos-Gallego, C.G., and Kaiser, S.E. (2023). Role of Cardiovascular Imaging in Risk Assessment: Recent Advances, Gaps in Evidence, and Future Directions. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175563"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320913379","article-title":"Secondary prevention through comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation: From knowledge to implementation. 2020 update. A position paper from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology","volume":"28","author":"Ambrosetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000208","article-title":"Cardiac Rehabilitation After Heart Valve Surgery: Improvement in exercise capacity and morbidity","volume":"37","author":"Pollmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.01.413","article-title":"Impact of the preoperative risk and the type of surgery on exercise capacity and training after valvular surgery","volume":"113","author":"Pardaens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487312460484","article-title":"Aerobic exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiac rehabilitation: A joint position statement of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation","volume":"20","author":"Mezzani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4915","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13518","article-title":"Rest and exercise oxygen uptake and cardiac output changes 6 months after successful transcatheter mitral valve repair","volume":"8","author":"Vignati","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malvindi, P.G., Ceravolo, M.G., Capecci, M., Balestra, S., Cin\u00ec, E., Antoniello, A., Pepa, L., Carbonetti, A., Ricci, M., and Berretta, P. (2025). Telemedicine\/Telerehabilitation to Expand Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Interventions in Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030750"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Hern\u00e1ndez, A., Gimeno-Santos, E., Navarro-Ripoll, R., Arguis, M.J., Romano-Andrioni, B., L\u00f3pez-Baamonde, M., Teres, S., Sanz-de la Garza, M., and Martinez-Palli, G. (2024). Differential response to preoperative exercise training in patients candidates to cardiac valve replacement. BMC Anesthesiol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-024-02671-x"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"E777","article-title":"Association between preoperative frailty and outcomes among adults undergoing cardiac surgery: A prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Montgomery","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. Open Access J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-017-0655-8","article-title":"Home-based preoperative rehabilitation (prehab) to improve physical function and reduce hospital length of stay for frail patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft and valve surgery","volume":"12","author":"Waite","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2024.12.002","article-title":"Preoperative inspiratory muscle training improves lung function prior to elective heart valve surgery and reduces postoperative lung function impairment and pulmonary complications: A randomised trial","volume":"71","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montero-C\u00e1mara, J., Ferrer-Sargues, F.J., Rovira, M.J.S., Cabello, A.S., Peredo, D.C., Calabuig, J.A.M., Valtue\u00f1a-Gimeno, N., and S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez, M.L. (2024). Can resistance prehabilitation training bring additional benefits in valvular cardiac surgery? Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303163"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.04.078","article-title":"High readmission rate after heart valve surgery: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"189","author":"Sibilitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"CD007130","article-title":"Home-based versus centre-based cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"McDonagh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/12\/7\/265\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:07:09Z","timestamp":1760033229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/12\/7\/265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcdd12070265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd12070265","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]}}}