{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:34:42Z","timestamp":1760060082498,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review explores the advantages of ivabradine in the management of cardiac surgery patients, particularly highlighting its heart rate (HR)-reducing properties, its role in minimizing the impact of atrial fibrillation, and its contributions to improving left ventricular diastolic function, as well as reducing pain, stress, and anxiety. In parallel, studies provide evidence that ivabradine influences endothelial inflammatory responses through mechanisms such as biomechanical modulation. Unlike traditional beta-blockers that may induce hypotension, ivabradine selectively inhibits hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, allowing for effective HR reduction without compromising blood pressure stability. This characteristic is particularly beneficial for patients at risk of atrial fibrillation post-surgery, where HR control is crucial for cardiovascular stability. This is an area in which ivabradine appears to play a role prophylactically, possibly in combination with beta-blockers. Furthermore, ivabradine has been associated with enhanced diastolic parameters in left ventricular function, reflecting its potential to improve surgical outcomes in patients with compromised heart function. In addition to its cardiovascular benefits, it appears to alleviate psychological stress and anxiety, common in postoperative settings, by moderating the neuroendocrine response to stress, thereby reducing stress-induced hormone levels. Furthermore, it has notable analgesic properties, contributing to pain management through its action on HCN channels in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Collectively, these findings indicate that ivabradine may serve as a valuable therapeutic agent in the perioperative care of cardiac surgery patients, addressing both physiological and psychological challenges during recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12080294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T13:11:11Z","timestamp":1754313071000},"page":"294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Rationale for the Use of Ivabradine in the Perioperative Phase of Cardiac Surgery: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5946-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos E.","family":"Ballas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7638-9217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos S.","family":"Katsouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9120-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos C.","family":"Siaravas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5089-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Tzourtzos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1547-4095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalia I.","family":"Moula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, \u201cAchillopouleion\u201d General Hospital, 38222 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0793-7835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Alexiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2008","article-title":"Hyperpolarization-activated cation channels: From genes to function","volume":"89","author":"Biel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. 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