{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:08:36Z","timestamp":1778695716047,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eosinophilic myocarditis (EM) is a rare and potentially fatal form of acute myocarditis. Currently, no validated diagnostic criteria exist, and definitive diagnosis relies on endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) not devoid of periprocedural complications. This review aims to explore how a multimodality imaging approach can support early diagnosis, reduce reliance on EMB, enable risk stratification and monitor the response to anti-inflammatory therapy. In particular, while echocardiography provides rapid and useful information in suspected EM, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) remains the non-invasive gold standard for diagnosis due to its ability to provide accurate tissue characterization. Moreover, positron emission tomography\/computed tomography (PET\/CT) and cardiac CT (CCT) may offer valuable insights, particularly when echocardiographic image quality is poor or CMR is contraindicated or unavailable. Based on our experience and current literature, an optimal multimodality imaging approach should reserve EMB only for high-risk or inconclusive cases. Furthermore, this strategy offers complementary information, supporting clinical decisions and optimizing long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12080320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T15:19:02Z","timestamp":1755789542000},"page":"320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multimodality Imaging in Eosinophilic Myocarditis: A Rare Cause of Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1156-6572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Viccaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9329-4874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amabile","family":"Valotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Checcoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Landi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3719-8180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7580-8029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Milzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Duchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo Maria","family":"Viani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Caretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Schlossbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0412-1083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Landi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2652-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Anna","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9808-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Treglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6513-3985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Pedrazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Valgimigli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Giulia","family":"Pavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V78.10.2542.2542","article-title":"Analysis of the survival of mature human eosinophils: Interleukin-5 prevents apoptosis in mature human eosinophils","volume":"78","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25617","article-title":"World Health Organization-defined eosinophilic disorders: 2019 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management","volume":"94","author":"Shomali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. 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