{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:44:41Z","timestamp":1760060681710,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) accounts for 2\u20133% of congenital heart diseases (CHDs). HLHS is characterized by reduced systemic blood flow due to hypoplastic left ventricle (LV) and underdeveloped left-sided cardiac structures. Without a series of staged interventional treatments, HLHS is often fatal, typically within the first hours or days of life. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), and cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in the optimal management of patients with HLHS. Specifically, it explores the contributions of various non-invasive imaging modalities to the diagnosis, planning of staged palliative interventions, interstage monitoring, and long-term follow-up of HLHS. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of each imaging technique will be highlighted to aid in clinical decision-making; however, it is important to note that, at present, no universal guidelines exist, and imaging strategies remain largely dependent on individual centre expertise and protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12090349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T14:23:50Z","timestamp":1757600630000},"page":"349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multimodal Imaging from Fetal to Adult Life: A Comprehensive Approach to Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Moscatelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"},{"name":"Paediatric Cardiology Department, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy\u2019s and St. Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 5NP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolanda","family":"Sabatino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4774-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nunzia","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, A.O. dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4970-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Avesani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Women and Children\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0305-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Salvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Women and Children\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8613-8139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Montanaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Semplice di Cardiologia del Congenito Adulto, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3317-7342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Pergola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraco-Vascolari e Sanit\u00e0 pubblica, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1886-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaella","family":"Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraco-Vascolari e Sanit\u00e0 pubblica, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8291-284X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Ielapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9963-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assunta","family":"Di Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosalba","family":"De Sarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Women and Children\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Guglielmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Centre, IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan, 2, 20097 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8357-4322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Cattapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Women and Children\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Gaudieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, A.O. dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonie","family":"Luedke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0511-2621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Alfonso","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathways and Epidemiology Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology and Cardio Lab, Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(94)90562-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of Congenital Heart Disease in the United States","volume":"127","author":"Gillum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz009","article-title":"Global Birth Prevalence of Congenital Heart Defects 1970\u20132017: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 260 Studies","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.025","article-title":"Birth Prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease Worldwide","volume":"58","author":"Konings","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951106000291","article-title":"The Nomenclature, Definition and Classification of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Tchervenkov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951117002244","article-title":"Nomenclature for Congenital and Paediatric Cardiac Disease: The International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code (IPCCC) and the Eleventh Iteration of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)","volume":"27","author":"Franklin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaa188","article-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Neonates and Infants with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC) Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Guidelines Task Force","volume":"58","author":"Alphonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/1058-9813(95)00145-X","article-title":"Physiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Profile of the Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog. Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1017\/S104795111800135X","article-title":"Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: From Fetus to Fontan","volume":"28","author":"Roeleveld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022816","article-title":"Current Therapy for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Related Single Ventricle Lesions","volume":"134","author":"Ohye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(80)90224-6","article-title":"Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Experience with Palliative Surgery","volume":"45","author":"Norwood","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)39288-8","article-title":"Experience with Operations for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Norwood","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.194","article-title":"Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: From Comfort Care to Long-Term Survival","volume":"81","author":"Yabrodi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2015.07.045","article-title":"Hybrid versus Norwood: \u201cFifty Shades of Grey\u201d","volume":"150","author":"Karamlou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2007.04.127","article-title":"Initial Experience with Hybrid Palliation for Neonates with Single-Ventricle Physiology","volume":"84","author":"Caldarone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(93)90914-X","article-title":"Usefulness of the Bidirectional Glenn Procedure as Staged Reconstruction for the Functional Single Ventricle","volume":"71","author":"Pridjian","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(93)91099-9","article-title":"Changes in Right Ventricular Geometry and Heart Rate Early After Hemi-Fontan Procedure","volume":"55","author":"Seliem","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2007.02.017","article-title":"Survival after Bidirectional Cavopulmonary Anastomosis: Analysis of Preoperative Risk Factors","volume":"134","author":"Scheurer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.26.3.240","article-title":"Surgical Repair of Tricuspid Atresia","volume":"26","author":"Fontan","year":"1971","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.748566","article-title":"Fontan Operation After 3 Decades: What We Have Learned","volume":"117","author":"Gersony","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0202.102237","article-title":"Fenestration Improves Clinical Outcome of the Fontan Procedure: A Prospective, Randomized Study","volume":"105","author":"Lemler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2019.12.020","article-title":"Effect of Fenestration on Fontan Procedure Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis and Review","volume":"109","author":"Bouhout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1053\/j.pcsu.2010.02.006","article-title":"Forty Years of The Fontan Operation: A Failed Strategy","volume":"13","author":"Rychik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. Pediatr. Card. Surg. Annu."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03932.x","article-title":"A Risk-Prediction Model for In-Hospital Mortality After Heart Transplantation in US Children","volume":"12","author":"Almond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2015.10.033","article-title":"Outcomes and Risk Factors for Listing for Heart Transplantation after the Norwood Procedure: An Analysis of the Single Ventricle Reconstruction Trial","volume":"35","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppedcard.2016.07.011","article-title":"Recent Advances in Heart Transplant Immunology: The Role of Antibodies","volume":"43","author":"Pahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2010.04.009","article-title":"Impact of Antibodies against Human Leukocyte Antigens on Long-Term Outcome in Pediatric Heart Transplant Patients: An Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing Database","volume":"140","author":"Rossano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2016.08.110","article-title":"Fontan Patient Survival After Pediatric Heart Transplantation Has Improved in the Current Era","volume":"103","author":"Simpson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2016.02.005","article-title":"Improved Survival after Heart Transplant for Failed Fontan Patients with Preserved Ventricular Function","volume":"35","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1177\/21501351221115630","article-title":"Imaging for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Pedra","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr. Congenit. Heart Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moscatelli, S., Pozza, A., Leo, I., Ielapi, J., Scatteia, A., Piana, S., Cavaliere, A., Reffo, E., and Di Salvo, G. (2024). Importance of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Applied to Congenital Heart Diseases in Pediatric Age: A Narrative Review. Children, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/children11070878"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2010.03.019","article-title":"Recommendations for Quantification Methods During the Performance of a Pediatric Echocardiogram: A Report from the Pediatric Measurements Writing Group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Council","volume":"23","author":"Lopez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-017-1661-2","article-title":"The Infant with Aortic Arch Hypoplasia and Small Left Heart Structures: Echocardiographic Indices of Mitral and Aortic Hypoplasia Predicting Successful Biventricular Repair","volume":"38","author":"Plymale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e025332","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.025332","article-title":"Serial Assessment of Right Ventricular Deformation in Patients with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking Study","volume":"11","author":"Kanngiesser","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2010.09.022","article-title":"Novel Insights into RV Adaptation and Function in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Between the First 2 Stages of Surgical Palliation","volume":"4","author":"Khoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moscatelli, S., Borrelli, N., Sabatino, J., Leo, I., Avesani, M., Montanaro, C., and Di Salvo, G. (2022). Role of Cardiovascular Imaging in the Follow-Up of Patients with Fontan Circulation. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9121875"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1080\/10976640600713814","article-title":"Cardiac Magnetic Resonance of Single Ventricles","volume":"8","author":"Fogel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.11.016","article-title":"Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Gives Valuable Insight into Ventricular and Vascular Adaptation","volume":"61","author":"Tibby","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000902","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000902","article-title":"Survival in Patients with Univentricular Hearts: The Impact of Right versus Left Ventricular Morphology","volume":"5","author":"Erikssen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezs202","article-title":"Natural and Modified History of Single-Ventricle Physiology in Adult Patients","volume":"42","author":"Angeli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-15-51","article-title":"Guidelines and Protocols for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Children and Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: SCMR Expert Consensus Group on Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"15","author":"Fratz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moscatelli, S., Avesani, M., Borrelli, N., Sabatino, J., Pergola, V., Leo, I., Montanaro, C., Contini, F., Gaudieri, G., and Ielapi, J. (2024). Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries in the Pediatric Field: A Multimodality Imaging Approach. Children, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/children11060626"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellsham-Revell, H. (2021). Noninvasive Imaging in Interventional Cardiology: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.637838"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-022-01490-9","article-title":"Recommendations for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography in Congenital Heart Disease: A Consensus Paper from the CMR\/CCT Working Group of the Italian Society of Pediatric Cardiology (SICP) and the Italian College of Cardiac Radiology Endorsed by the Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM) Part I","volume":"127","author":"Secinaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiol. Med. (Torino)"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000001487","article-title":"3D Holographic Virtual Surgical Planning for a Single Right Ventricle Fontan Patient Needing Heartmate III Placement","volume":"67","author":"Szugye","year":"2021","journal-title":"ASAIO J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2006.00207.x","article-title":"Pre- and Postoperative Quantitation of Right Ventricular Tissue Doppler Velocities in Infants with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Christensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199202000-00003","article-title":"Intraoperative Echocardiography for Evaluation of Congenital Heart Defects in Infants and Children","volume":"76","author":"Muhiudeen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1414","article-title":"Early Fetal Echocardiography","volume":"111","author":"McBrien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5067","article-title":"The Three-vessel and Trachea View (3VTV) in the First Trimester of Pregnancy: An Additional Tool in Screening for Congenital Heart Defects (CHD) in an Unselected Population","volume":"37","author":"Rembouskos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000437597.44550.5d","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Fetal Cardiac Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"129","author":"Donofrio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14634","article-title":"Perinatal Outcome after Prenatal Diagnosis of Single-Ventricle Cardiac Defects","volume":"45","author":"Beroukhim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951115001791","article-title":"Management of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome with Intact Atrial Septum: A Two-Centre Experience","volume":"26","author":"Sathanandam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"77","article-title":"Technical Challenges of Atrial Septal Stent Placement in Fetuses with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Intact Atrial Septum","volume":"84","author":"Kalish","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e213538","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.3538","article-title":"Utility of Fetal Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for Prenatal Diagnosis of Complex Congenital Heart Defects","volume":"4","author":"Ryd","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4920","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10551-0","article-title":"Myocardial Strain Assessment in the Human Fetus by Cardiac MRI Using Doppler Ultrasound Gating and Feature Tracking","volume":"34","author":"Hergert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocmr.2024.101094","article-title":"Fetal Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking Myocardial Strain Analysis in Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"26","author":"Vollbrecht","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-006-1444-7","article-title":"Hybrid Transcatheter\u2013Surgical Palliation: Basis for Univentricular or Biventricular Repair: The Giessen Experience","volume":"28","author":"Valeske","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)01283-7","article-title":"Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Tchervenkov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2024.02.008","article-title":"Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome with Mitral Stenosis and Aortic Atresia\u2014Echocardiographic Findings and Early Outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Wilson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2010.05.022","article-title":"Prenatal Diagnosis and Risk Factors for Preoperative Death in Neonates with Single Right Ventricle and Systemic Outflow Obstruction: Screening Data from the Pediatric Heart Network Single Ventricle Reconstruction Trial\u2217","volume":"140","author":"Atz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2012.09.020","article-title":"Subjective Evaluation of Right Ventricular Systolic Function in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: How Accurate Is It?","volume":"26","author":"Simpson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-021-02624-y","article-title":"Longitudinal Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.03.085","article-title":"Serial Changes in Longitudinal Strain Are Associated with Outcome in Children with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"317","author":"Borrelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avesani, M., Sabatino, J., Borrelli, N., Cattapan, I., Leo, I., Pelaia, G., Moscatelli, S., Bianco, F., Bassareo, P., and Martino, F. (2024). The Mechanics of Congenital Heart Disease: From a Morphological Trait to the Functional Echocardiographic Evaluation. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1301116"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-0926","article-title":"Simultaneous Volumetric and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome After Fontan Palliation, Utilizing 3-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography","volume":"84","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-016-1424-5","article-title":"Decline of Systolic and Diastolic 2D Strain Rate During Follow-Up of HLHS Patients After Fontan Palliation","volume":"37","author":"Michel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.07.011","article-title":"Comparison Between Echocardiography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Predicting Transplant-Free Survival After the Fontan Operation","volume":"116","author":"Ghelani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.01.015","article-title":"Normal ranges of right ventricular systolic and diastolic strain measures in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2019.01.006","article-title":"Serial Strain Analysis Identifies Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Infants at Risk for Cardiac Morbidity and Mortality: A Pilot Study","volume":"32","author":"Colquitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951111001557","article-title":"Echocardiography of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-017-3972-0","article-title":"Serial Changes in Anatomy and Ventricular Function on Dual-Source Cardiac Computed Tomography after the Norwood Procedure for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Goo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2018.10.021","article-title":"The Use of Cardiovascular CT for the Follow up of Paediatric Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Cheasty","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12138","article-title":"Incidence of Tracheobronchial Anomalies Found with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Noel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Congenit. Heart Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/21501351221127900","article-title":"How Does Cross-Sectional Imaging Impact the Management of Patients with Single Ventricle After Bidirectional Cavopulmonary Connection?","volume":"14","author":"Sagray","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr. Congenit. Heart Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2007.12.042","article-title":"Improving the Outcome of High-Risk Neonates with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Hybrid Procedure or Conventional Surgical Palliation?","volume":"33","author":"Pizarro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oreto, L., Guccione, P., Gitto, P., Bruno, L., Zanai, R., Grasso, N., Iannace, E., Zito, C., Carerj, S., and Agati, S. (2023). Hybrid Palliation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Role of Echocardiography. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10061012"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014243","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.124.014243","article-title":"Hybrid Versus Percutaneous Left Atrial Decompression in Infants with Hypoplastic Left Heart Variants and an Intact or Highly Restrictive Atrial Septum: A Multicenter PICES Study","volume":"18","author":"Averin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12111700","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Dual-Phase Whole-Heart MR Imaging: Clinical Implications for Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"263","author":"Hussain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/21501351221151056","article-title":"False Aneurysm of the Proximal Sano Shunt in a Patient with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome After Bidirectional Superior Cavopulmonary Connection","volume":"14","author":"Grishin","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr. Congenit. Heart Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028481","article-title":"The Optimal Timing of Stage 2 Palliation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: An Analysis of the Pediatric Heart Network Single Ventricle Reconstruction Trial Public Data Set","volume":"136","author":"Meza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000001051","article-title":"Use of Advanced Cardiac Imaging in Congenital Heart Disease: Growth, Indications and Innovations","volume":"33","author":"Steele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.13348","article-title":"Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion Correlates with Exercise Capacity in a Cohort of Patients with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome after Fontan Operation","volume":"33","author":"Goldberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2006.11.014","article-title":"The Systolic to Diastolic Duration Ratio in Children with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A Novel Doppler Index of Right Ventricular Function","volume":"20","author":"Friedberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.02.045","article-title":"Evaluation of the Relationship between Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure and Echocardiographic Measures of Diastolic Function in Adults with a Fontan Circulation","volume":"259","author":"Cordina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.03.006","article-title":"Echocardiographic Predictors of Mortality in Adults with a Fontan Circulation","volume":"10","author":"Cordina","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e026508","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.026508","article-title":"Occult Diastolic Dysfunction and Adverse Clinical Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults with Fontan Circulation","volume":"12","author":"Peck","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e024095","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.024095","article-title":"Diastolic Dysfunction with Preserved Ejection Fraction After the Fontan Procedure","volume":"11","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2022.08.011","article-title":"Ventricular Flow Profile in Young Patients with Single Left Ventricle Fontan Using Echocardiographic Contrast Particle Imaging Velocimetry","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"100079","article-title":"Blood Speckle Imaging: A New Echocardiographic Approach to Study Fluid Dynamics in Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"2","author":"Borrelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Congenit. Heart Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e234","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000696","article-title":"Evaluation and Management of the Child and Adult with Fontan Circulation: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"140","author":"Rychik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00715-0","article-title":"Neo-Aortic Root Dilation and Valve Regurgitation up to 21 Years after Staged Reconstruction for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Cohen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2018.09.130","article-title":"Intervention for Arch Obstruction after the Norwood Procedure: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Practice Variability","volume":"157","author":"Devlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-018-0505-4","article-title":"Maldistribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow in Patients after the Fontan Operation Is Associated with Worse Exercise Capacity","volume":"20","author":"Alsaied","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2006.05.020","article-title":"Impaired Power Output and Cardiac Index with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study","volume":"82","author":"Sundareswaran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.889733","article-title":"Maladaptive Aortic Properties in Children After Palliation of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Assessed by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"122","author":"Voges","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002107","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002107","article-title":"Frequent Dilatation of the Descending Aorta in Children with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Relates to Decreased Aortic Arch Elasticity","volume":"4","author":"Voges","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.113.000553","article-title":"Is MRI the Preferred Method for Evaluating Right Ventricular Size and Function in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease? MRI Is the Preferred Method for Evaluating Right Ventricular Size and Function in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"7","author":"Geva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocmr.2024.101038","article-title":"Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Reference Values of Right Ventricular Volumetric Variables in Patients with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Ballenberger","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezab232","article-title":"Serial Right Ventricular Assessment in Patients with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A Multiparametric Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Study","volume":"61","author":"Sobh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-022-00884-y","article-title":"Longitudinal Changes in Ventricular Size and Function Are Associated with Death and Transplantation Late after the Fontan Operation","volume":"24","author":"Ghelani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006738","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.006738","article-title":"Impact of Ventricular Morphology on Fiber Stress and Strain in Fontan Patients","volume":"11","author":"Ghelani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.113.001473","article-title":"Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Parameters Predict Transplantation-Free Survival in Patients with Fontan Circulation","volume":"7","author":"Rathod","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.087","article-title":"Pressure\u2013Volume Loop-Derived Cardiac Indices during Dobutamine Stress: A Step towards Understanding Limitations in Cardiac Output in Children with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"230","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.12.041","article-title":"Serial Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking Indicates Early Worsening of Cardiac Function in Fontan Patients","volume":"303","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer, M., Mitchell, M.B., Frank, B.S., Barker, A.J., Stone, M.L., Jaggers, J., Von Alvensleben, J.C., Hunter, K.S., Friesen, R.M., and Ivy, D.D. (2023). Myocardial Strain-Curve Deformation Patterns after Fontan Operation. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39226-y"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-023-00984-3","article-title":"Ventricular Dyssynchrony Late after the Fontan Operation Is Associated with Decreased Survival","volume":"25","author":"Gearhart","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-020-02480-2","article-title":"Negative Impact of the Left Ventricular Remnant Morphology on Systemic Right Ventricular Myocardial Deformation in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.108.834192","article-title":"Aortopulmonary Collaterals After Bidirectional Cavopulmonary Connection or Fontan Completion: Quantification With MRI","volume":"2","author":"Yoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.03.040","article-title":"Effective Cardiac Index and Systemic-Pulmonary Collaterals Evaluated by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Late After Fontan Palliation","volume":"119","author":"Cadoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-020-02450-8","article-title":"Systemic-to-Pulmonary Collateral Flow Correlates with Clinical Condition Late After the Fontan Procedure","volume":"41","author":"Kodama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.03.022","article-title":"Status of Systemic to Pulmonary Arterial Collateral Flow After the Fontan Procedure","volume":"115","author":"Whitehead","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.01.065","article-title":"Impact of Aortopulmonary Collateral Flow and Single Ventricle Morphology on Longitudinal Hemodynamics in Fontan Patients: A Serial CMR Study","volume":"311","author":"Latus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-022-00854-4","article-title":"4D Flow Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Derived Energetics in the Fontan Circulation Correlate with Exercise Capacity and CMR-Derived Liver Fibrosis\/Congestion","volume":"24","author":"Rijnberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-019-0553-4","article-title":"Stress Increases Intracardiac 4D Flow Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance -Derived Energetics and Vorticity and Relates to VO2max in Fontan Patients","volume":"21","author":"Kamphuis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2014.08.046","article-title":"Energetic Implications of Vessel Growth and Flow Changes Over Time in Fontan Patients","volume":"99","author":"Restrepo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"ivad126","article-title":"Virtual Surgery to Predict Optimized Conduit Size for Adult Fontan Patients with 16-Mm Conduits","volume":"37","author":"Hut","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"1807","article-title":"Clinical Importance of Fontan Circuit Thrombus in the Adult Population: Significant Association with Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Events","volume":"35","author":"Sathananthan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000128690.35860.C5","article-title":"Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact or highly restrictive atrial septum: Outcome after neonatal transcatheter atrial septostomy","volume":"109","author":"Vlahos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjon.2023.09.012","article-title":"Severe aortopulmonary collaterals are associated with lower transplant-free survival in patients undergoing staged single ventricle palliation","volume":"16","author":"Chin","year":"2023","journal-title":"JTCVS Open"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/12\/9\/349\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:44:11Z","timestamp":1760035451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/12\/9\/349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcdd12090349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd12090349","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3425"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2308-3425"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]}}}