{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T22:23:45Z","timestamp":1788387825486,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24CDA1051180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24CDA1051180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amyloid cardiomyopathy (ACM), driven by transthyretin (TTR) and immunoglobulin light chain (LC) amyloid fibrils, remains a major clinical challenge due to limited mechanistic understanding and insufficient preclinical models. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as a transformative platform to model ACM, offering patient-specific and genetically controlled systems. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the use of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) in both two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures and three-dimensional (3D) constructs\u2014including spheroids, organoids, cardiac microtissues, and engineered heart tissues (EHTs)\u2014for disease modeling, mechanistic research, and drug discovery. While 2D culture of iPSC-CMs reproduces hallmark proteotoxic phenotypes such as sarcomeric disorganization, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in ACM, 3D models provide enhanced physiological relevance through incorporating multicellularity, extracellular matrix interactions, and mechanical load-related features. Genome editing with Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 further broadens the scope of iPSC-based models, enabling isogenic comparisons and the dissection of mutation-specific effects, particularly in transthyretin-related amyloidosis (ATTR). Despite limitations such as cellular immaturity and challenges in recapitulating aging-associated phenotypes, ongoing refinements in differentiation, maturation, and dynamic training of iPSC-cardiac models hold great promise for overcoming these barriers. Together, these advances position iPSC-based systems as powerful human-relevant platforms for modeling and elucidating disease mechanisms and accelerating therapeutic development to prevent ACM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12110434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T17:32:01Z","timestamp":1762191121000},"page":"434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models for Amyloid Cardiomyopathy: From Mechanistic Insights to Therapeutic Discovery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9590-2805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"},{"name":"Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0311-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"},{"name":"Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310643","article-title":"Amyloid Cardiomyopathy Disease on the Rise","volume":"120","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000547","article-title":"Amyloidosis cardiomyopathy: Update in the diagnosis and treatment of the most common types","volume":"33","author":"Maurer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.843334","article-title":"Systemic Cardiac Amyloidoses Disease Profiles and Clinical Courses of the 3 Main Types","volume":"120","author":"Rapezzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-015-0653-1","article-title":"Emerging Advances in the Management of Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"17","author":"Vranian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038169","article-title":"Natural History, Quality of Life, and Outcome in Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis","volume":"140","author":"Lane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/75.3.408","article-title":"A Peculiar Form of Peripheral Neuropathy\u2014Familiar Atypical Generalized Amyloidosis with Special Involvement of the Peripheral Nerves","volume":"75","author":"Andrade","year":"1952","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.27.5.711","article-title":"Senile cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"27","author":"Pomerance","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1038\/1831202a0","article-title":"Electron microscopic observations on a fibrous component in amyloid of diverse origins","volume":"183","author":"Cohen","year":"1959","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105784","article-title":"The characterization of soluble amyloid prepared in water","volume":"47","author":"Pras","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024438","article-title":"Addressing Common Questions Encountered in the Diagnosis and Management of Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"135","author":"Maurer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/142252","article-title":"Updates for the diagnosis and management of cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"31","author":"Gosciniak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.04.003","article-title":"Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"73","author":"Ruberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2022.08.009","article-title":"AL Amyloidosis for Cardiologists: Awareness, Diagnosis, and Future Prospects: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"4","author":"Wechalekar","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae811","article-title":"Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy: A paradigm for advancing precision medicine","volume":"46","author":"Maurer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.07.022","article-title":"Cardiac amyloidosis: An underdiagnosed\/underappreciated disease","volume":"67","author":"Manolis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current risk stratification and staging of multiple myeloma and related clonal plasma cell disorders","volume":"39","author":"Zanwar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201505318","article-title":"Lysosomal dysfunction and impaired autophagy underlie the pathogenesis of amyloidogenic light chain-mediated cardiotoxicity","volume":"7","author":"Guan","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/hemato3010005","article-title":"Mechanisms of Organ Damage and Novel Treatment Targets in AL Amyloidosis","volume":"3","author":"Lavatelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hemato"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000126569.75419.74","article-title":"Human amyloidogenic light chains directly impair cardiomyocyte function through an increase in cellular oxidant stress","volume":"94","author":"Brenner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4188","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912263107","article-title":"Amyloidogenic light chains induce cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction and apoptosis via a non-canonical p38alpha MAPK pathway","volume":"107","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310704","article-title":"Light-chain cardiac amyloidosis: Strategies to promote early diagnosis and cardiac response","volume":"103","author":"Grogan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc072918","article-title":"High-dose melphalan versus melphalan plus dexamethasone for AL amyloidosis","volume":"358","author":"Lachmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-010-1062-6","article-title":"Efficacy of the combination of bortezomib and dexamethasone in systemic AL amyloidosis","volume":"90","author":"Lamm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.11627","article-title":"Efficacy of bortezomib in systemic AL amyloidosis with relapsed\/refractory clonal disease","volume":"93","author":"Wechalekar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000776","article-title":"Organ responses with daratumumab therapy in previously treated AL amyloidosis","volume":"4","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2010.524329","article-title":"Autologous stem cell transplant for immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: A status report","volume":"51","author":"Gertz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanguinetti, C., Minniti, M., Susini, V., Caponi, L., Panichella, G., Castiglione, V., Aimo, A., Emdin, M., Vergaro, G., and Franzini, M. (2022). The Journey of Human Transthyretin: Synthesis, Structure Stability, and Catabolism. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081906"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.078915","article-title":"Transthyretin (TTR) cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"126","author":"Ruberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.12.1425","article-title":"Senile systemic amyloidosis presenting with heart failure: A comparison with light chain-associated amyloidosis","volume":"165","author":"Ng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-023-02419-6","article-title":"Frailty and caregiver relationship quality in older patients diagnosed with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"35","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-019-1235-x","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and prognosis of Chinese patients with hereditary transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101388","article-title":"Age-related amyloidosis outside the brain: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"70","author":"Tasaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1021\/bi301313b","article-title":"Age-related oxidative modifications of transthyretin modulate its amyloidogenicity","volume":"52","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2007.01.004","article-title":"Expression, purification, and in vitro cysteine-10 modification of native sequence recombinant human transthyretin","volume":"53","author":"Kingsbury","year":"2007","journal-title":"Protein Expr. Purif."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2010.11.015","article-title":"Evidence for a functional role of the molecular chaperone clusterin in amyloidotic cardiomyopathy","volume":"178","author":"Greene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14192","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.003990","article-title":"Plasminogen activation triggers transthyretin amyloidogenesis in vitro","volume":"293","author":"Mangione","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805689","article-title":"Tafamidis Treatment for Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy","volume":"379","author":"Maurer","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"219","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a TTR specific antisense oligonucleotide in patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy","volume":"24","author":"Benson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0210-4","article-title":"Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: A model of medical progress for a fatal disease","volume":"15","author":"Adams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.09.025","article-title":"Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy: An uncharted territory awaiting discovery","volume":"82","author":"Porcari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e63673","article-title":"Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnostic Approach, Applications of Artificial Intelligence, and Management Strategies","volume":"16","author":"Ahammed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.07.031","article-title":"Animal models of human amyloidoses: Are transgenic mice worth the time and trouble?","volume":"583","author":"Buxbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.11.019","article-title":"Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors","volume":"131","author":"Takahashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3810-1_11","article-title":"Generation of iPSCs Using Sendai Virus Vectors","volume":"2794","author":"Aoki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1418","article-title":"Induction of pluripotent stem cells by defined factors is greatly improved by small-molecule compounds","volume":"26","author":"Huangfu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2009.04.005","article-title":"Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells using recombinant proteins","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5476","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-02-204800","article-title":"Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human blood","volume":"113","author":"Loh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, Y., Cai, X., Wang, L., Liao, B., Zhang, H., Shan, Y., Chen, Q., Zhou, T., Li, X., and Hou, J. (2013). Generating a non-integrating human induced pluripotent stem cell bank from urine-derived cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070573"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.115","article-title":"Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells from urine samples","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370220959598","article-title":"Microengineered systems with iPSC-derived cardiac and hepatic cells to evaluate drug adverse effects","volume":"246","author":"Dame","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e866","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.866","article-title":"A Protocol for Culture and Characterization of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells After Induction","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"201","article-title":"Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis with hydrocephalus at 27 years old: A case report","volume":"29","author":"Kamimoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiol. Cases"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poli, L., Labella, B., Cotti Piccinelli, S., Caria, F., Risi, B., Damioli, S., Padovani, A., and Filosto, M. (2023). Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: A comprehensive review with a focus on peripheral neuropathy. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1242815"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2025.103019","article-title":"Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv)","volume":"50","author":"Triposkiadis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079589","article-title":"Prevention of transthyretin amyloid disease by changing protein misfolding energetics","volume":"299","author":"Hammarstrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2013.08.001","article-title":"Homozygosity for the V122I Mutation in Transthyretin Is Associated with Earlier Onset of Cardiac Amyloidosis in the African American Population in the Seventh Decade of Life","volume":"16","author":"Reddi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12500","article-title":"Frequencies and geographic distributions of genetic mutations in transthyretin- and non-transthyretin-related familial amyloidosis","volume":"88","author":"Zhen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09688-0","article-title":"Expert consensus recommendations to improve diagnosis of ATTR amyloidosis with polyneuropathy","volume":"268","author":"Adams","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003815","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003815","article-title":"Design and Rationale of the Phase 3 ATTR-ACT Clinical Trial (Tafamidis in Transthyretin Cardiomyopathy Clinical Trial)","volume":"10","author":"Maurer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021612","article-title":"Nonbiopsy Diagnosis of Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis","volume":"133","author":"Gillmore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001870","article-title":"Rapid progression of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy: A multinational natural history study","volume":"85","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-014-9462-7","article-title":"Natural history and therapy of TTR-cardiac amyloidosis: Emerging disease-modifying therapies from organ transplantation to stabilizer and silencer drugs","volume":"20","author":"Castano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15166","article-title":"Advancing diagnostics and therapy in transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy","volume":"12","author":"Holcman","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01809-0","article-title":"Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): Molecular mechanisms of induction and applications","volume":"9","author":"Cerneckis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2023.103215","article-title":"Generation of two induced pluripotent stem cell lines from patients with cardiac amyloidosis carrying heterozygous transthyretin (TTR) mutation","volume":"72","author":"Bonilauri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2020.101940","article-title":"Establishment of an induced pluripotent stem cell line from a patient with hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis carrying transthyretin (TTR) mutation p.Phe53Val","volume":"48","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2020.102022","article-title":"Establishment of an induced pluripotent stem cell line PUMCHi004-A from a hereditary transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy patient with transthyretin (TTR) p.Asp38Asn mutation","volume":"49","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2023.103189","article-title":"Generation of an induced pluripotent stem cell line (ESi107-A) from a transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) patient carrying a p.Ser43Asn mutation in the TTR gene","volume":"71","author":"Kuebler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2018.1489228","article-title":"A library of ATTR amyloidosis patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells for disease modelling and in vitro testing of novel therapeutics","volume":"25","author":"Giadone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2013.10.003","article-title":"Induced pluripotent stem cell modeling of multisystemic, hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis","volume":"1","author":"Leung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Q., Wang, N., Que, H., Mai, E., Hu, Y., Tan, R., Gu, J., and Gong, P. (2023). Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocyte-like Cells: Induction Methods and Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411592"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., Zhao, Y., Yourick, J.J., Sprando, R.L., and Gao, X. (2022). Phenotypical, functional and transcriptomic comparison of two modified methods of hepatocyte differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Biomed. Rep., 16.","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2022.1526"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23354","article-title":"Highly efficient generation of human hepatocyte-like cells from induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"51","author":"Noto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0794-4","article-title":"Highly efficient and expedited hepatic differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells by pure small-molecule cocktails","volume":"9","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02233-9","article-title":"Robust expansion and functional maturation of human hepatoblasts by chemical strategy","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-015-9621-9","article-title":"One Standardized Differentiation Procedure Robustly Generates Homogenous Hepatocyte Cultures Displaying Metabolic Diversity from a Large Panel of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells","volume":"12","author":"Asplund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2020.07.003","article-title":"Expression of Amyloidogenic Transthyretin Drives Hepatic Proteostasis Remodeling in an Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Model of Systemic Amyloid Disease","volume":"15","author":"Giadone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056265","article-title":"Muscle LIM Protein Force-Sensing Mediates Sarcomeric Biomechanical Signaling in Human Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"145","author":"Riaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.10.019","article-title":"Modular design of a tissue engineered pulsatile conduit using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes","volume":"102","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.192237","article-title":"Functional cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.12.013","article-title":"Production of de novo cardiomyocytes: Human pluripotent stem cell differentiation and direct reprogramming","volume":"10","author":"Burridge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.09.013","article-title":"Distinct metabolic flow enables large-scale purification of mouse and human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes","volume":"12","author":"Tohyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04464-6","article-title":"Uncovering cell type-specific phenotypes using a novel human in vitro model of transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy","volume":"16","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107454","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9 In Vivo Gene Editing for Transthyretin Amyloidosis","volume":"385","author":"Gillmore","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104784","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9 gene editing: A new hope for transthyretin amyloidosis treatment","volume":"83","author":"Shahzad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-025-10502-5","article-title":"Emerging, novel gene-modulating therapies for transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy","volume":"30","author":"Ang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-018-9811-3","article-title":"Genome Editing in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells using CRISPR\/Cas9","volume":"14","author":"Shemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2014.226","article-title":"Efficient and allele-specific genome editing of disease loci in human iPSCs","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaszkiewicz, J., and Duncan, S.A. (2022). Advancements in Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery Using iPSC-Derived Hepatocyte-like Cells. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13040573"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbett, J.L., and Duncan, S.A. (2019). iPSC-Derived Hepatocytes as a Platform for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery. Front. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00265"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-012-9635-3","article-title":"Disease-corrected hepatocyte-like cells from familial hypercholesterolemia-induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"54","author":"Fattahi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2020.06.006","article-title":"A Highly Phenotyped Open Access Repository of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Pluripotent Stem Cells","volume":"15","author":"Kaserman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/s10038-020-0749-3","article-title":"Presence of val30Met and val122ile mutations in a patient with hereditary amyloidosis","volume":"65","author":"Marques","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezard, M., Vartanian-Grimaldi, J.S., Henri, J., Calin, D., Zaroui, A., Kharoubi, M., Damy, T., Agbulut, O., and Kordeli, E. (2025). Amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chains disturb contractile function and calcium transients in a human cardiac spheroid model of light chain (AL) amyloidosis. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82442-3"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaBarge, W., Mattappally, S., Kannappan, R., Fast, V.G., Pretorius, D., Berry, J.L., and Zhang, J. (2019). Maturation of three-dimensional, hiPSC-derived cardiomyocyte spheroids utilizing cyclic, uniaxial stretch and electrical stimulation. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219442"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyat, J.S., di Maio, A., Grygielska, B., Pike, J., Kemble, S., Rodriguez-Romero, A., Simoglou Karali, C., Croft, A.P., Psaila, B., and Simoes, F. (2023). Modelling the pathology and treatment of cardiac fibrosis in vascularised atrial and ventricular cardiac microtissues. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1156759"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.07.068","article-title":"Cardiac microtissues from human pluripotent stem cells recapitulate the phenotype of long-QT syndrome","volume":"572","author":"Giacomelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-021-00703-x","article-title":"Human Atrial Cardiac Microtissues for Chamber-Specific Arrhythmic Risk Assessment","volume":"14","author":"Soepriatna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03956-1","article-title":"A novel 3D cardiac microtissue model for investigation of cardiovascular complications in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"15","author":"Wolnik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ergir, E., Oliver-De La Cruz, J., Fernandes, S., Cassani, M., Niro, F., Pereira-Sousa, D., Vrbsky, J., Vinarsky, V., Perestrelo, A.R., and Debellis, D. (2022). Generation and maturation of human iPSC-derived 3D organotypic cardiac microtissues in long-term culture. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22225-w"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02598-8","article-title":"Advances in cardiac organoid research: Implications for cardiovascular disease treatment","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Qu, P., Liu, J., Cheng, P., and Lei, Q. (2025). Application of human cardiac organoids in cardiovascular disease research. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1564889"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06381-x","article-title":"Advances in humanoid organoid-based research on inter-organ communications during cardiac organogenesis and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"23","author":"Ni","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00921K","article-title":"HiPSC-derived multi-organoids-on-chip system for safety assessment of antidepressant drugs","volume":"21","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R2409","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R2409","article-title":"Liver-Heart Microphysiological Organoid Model for the Study and Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"36","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5929","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50224-0","article-title":"Efficient and reproducible generation of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and cardiac organoids in stirred suspension systems","volume":"15","author":"Prondzynski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1516","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00055.2020","article-title":"Contractile work directly modulates mitochondrial protein levels in human engineered heart tissues","volume":"318","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, H., Anderson, C.W., Li, X., Lu, Y., Hoareau, M., Xing, Q., Fooladi, S., Liu, Y., Xu, Z., and Park, J. (2025). Advanced tissue-engineered pulsatile conduit using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Acta Biomater.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.06.055"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1373","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00709.2022","article-title":"Chronic diastolic stretch unmasks conduction defects in an in vitro model of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy","volume":"325","author":"Ng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1177\/2472555220975332","article-title":"A Scalable Approach Reveals Functional Responses of iPSC Cardiomyocyte 3D Spheroids","volume":"26","author":"Burnham","year":"2021","journal-title":"SLAS Discov."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.05.011","article-title":"Primitive macrophages enable long-term vascularization of human heart-on-a-chip platforms","volume":"31","author":"Landau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-020-00234-x","article-title":"Probing the subcellular nanostructure of engineered human cardiomyocytes in 3D tissue","volume":"7","author":"Javor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316950","article-title":"Shortening Velocity Causes Myosin Isoform Shift in Human Engineered Heart Tissues","volume":"128","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehae666-3777","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae666.3777","article-title":"Engineering hiPSC-derived tissue models for advanced amyloidosis research and therapy development","volume":"45","author":"Larequi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000213761","article-title":"Modeling familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (Transthyretin V30M) in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"6","author":"Berg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7710","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1801117115","article-title":"Cellular clearance of circulating transthyretin decreases cell-nonautonomous proteotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"115","author":"Madhivanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3543","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-10-525634","article-title":"A Caenorhabditis elegans-based assay recognizes immunoglobulin light chains causing heart amyloidosis","volume":"123","author":"Diomede","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H95","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00186.2013","article-title":"Human amyloidogenic light chain proteins result in cardiac dysfunction, cell death, and early mortality in zebrafish","volume":"305","author":"Mishra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"403","article-title":"Systemic amyloidosis in transgenic mice carrying the human mutant transthyretin (Met30) gene. Pathologic similarity to human familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, type I","volume":"138","author":"Yi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.04.001","article-title":"The heat shock response modulates transthyretin deposition in the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems","volume":"31","author":"Santos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3109\/13506129.2016.1160882","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of RNAi as a treatment for transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis","volume":"23","author":"Butler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amyloid J. Protein Fold. Disord."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-017-0019-y","article-title":"Amyloid deposition in a mouse model humanized at the transthyretin and retinol-binding protein 4 loci","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58307-2","article-title":"A mouse model of cardiac immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis reveals insights into tissue accumulation and toxicity of amyloid fibrils","volume":"16","author":"Ayala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2011.195","article-title":"Aged vervet monkeys developing transthyretin amyloidosis with the human disease-causing Ile122 allele: A valid pathological model of the human disease","volume":"92","author":"Ueda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, R.B., Liu, Y.T., Yeh, S.Y., and Tsai, J.W. (2019). Contributions of Animal Models to the Mechanisms and Therapies of Transthyretin Amyloidosis. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00338"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2013-304957","article-title":"High sensitivity cardiac troponin T in patients with immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis","volume":"100","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12203","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of cardiac troponin T level in patients with cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"5","author":"Takashio","year":"2018","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.38.5724","article-title":"Revised prognostic staging system for light chain amyloidosis incorporating cardiac biomarkers and serum free light chain measurements","volume":"30","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.06.033","article-title":"Natural History of Wild-Type Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis and Risk Stratification Using a Novel Staging System","volume":"68","author":"Grogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.03.029","article-title":"Serum cardiac troponins and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide: A staging system for primary systemic amyloidosis","volume":"22","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-07-2922","article-title":"Absolute values of immunoglobulin free light chains are prognostic in patients with primary systemic amyloidosis undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation","volume":"107","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-12-473066","article-title":"A European collaborative study of treatment outcomes in 346 patients with cardiac stage III AL amyloidosis","volume":"121","author":"Wechalekar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-022-00570-1","article-title":"Update on Disease-Specific Biomarkers in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"19","author":"Hood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail. Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyriakou, P., Mouselimis, D., Tsarouchas, A., Rigopoulos, A., Bakogiannis, C., Noutsias, M., and Vassilikos, V. (2018). Diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis: A systematic review on the role of imaging and biomarkers. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-018-0952-8"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.03.007","article-title":"Utility of Biomarkers in Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"8","author":"Abraham","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2017-204978","article-title":"Newly designed 11-gene panel reveals first case of hereditary amyloidosis captured by massive parallel sequencing","volume":"71","author":"Sevcikova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00047.2015","article-title":"Viewing Extrinsic Proteotoxic Stress Through the Lens of Amyloid Cardiomyopathy","volume":"31","author":"Sapp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manral, P., and Reixach, N. (2015). Amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic transthyretin variants interact differently with human cardiomyocytes: Insights into early events of non-fibrillar tissue damage. Biosci. Rep., 35.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20140155"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2016.09.010","article-title":"Biochemical and Electrophysiological Modification of Amyloid Transthyretin on Cardiomyocytes","volume":"111","author":"Sartiani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2016.12.002","article-title":"Human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and tissue engineering strategies for disease modeling and drug screening","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.09.010","article-title":"Engineered heart tissues and induced pluripotent stem cells: Macro- and microstructures for disease modeling, drug screening, and translational studies","volume":"96","author":"Tzatzalos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e128643","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.128643","article-title":"Patient mutations linked to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy enhance calpain-mediated desmoplakin degradation","volume":"5","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H757","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00290.2017","article-title":"Mitochondrial function in engineered cardiac tissues is regulated by extracellular matrix elasticity and tissue alignment","volume":"313","author":"Andres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart C"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106302","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals maturation trajectory in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in engineered tissues","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7996","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52221-9","article-title":"Engineered model of heart tissue repair for exploring fibrotic processes and therapeutic interventions","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"E303","article-title":"Acoramidis Improves Clinical Outcomes In Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy Patients","volume":"148","author":"Judge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716153","article-title":"Patisiran, an RNAi Therapeutic, for Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis","volume":"379","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03851-z","article-title":"Effects of vutrisiran on cardiac structure and function in patients with transthyretin amyloidosis with cardiomyopathy: Secondary outcomes of the HELIOS-B trial","volume":"31","author":"Jering","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12616-6","article-title":"Correction: Switching from inotersen to eplontersen in patients with hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis with polyneuropathy: Analysis from NEURO-TTRansform","volume":"271","author":"Berk","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2412309","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing with Nexiguran Ziclumeran for ATTR Cardiomyopathy","volume":"391","author":"Fontana","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"e000043","article-title":"Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cardiovascular Disease Modeling and Precision Medicine: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"11","author":"Musunuru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Genom. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03741-0","article-title":"Retinoic acid modulation guides human-induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation towards left or right ventricle-like cardiomyocytes","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0016-3","article-title":"Advanced maturation of human cardiac tissue grown from pluripotent stem cells","volume":"556","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.08.069","article-title":"Fatty acid metabolism driven mitochondrial bioenergetics promotes advanced developmental phenotypes in human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes","volume":"272","author":"Ramachandra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311920","article-title":"Thyroid and Glucocorticoid Hormones Promote Functional T-Tubule Development in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes","volume":"121","author":"Parikh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2022.07.006","article-title":"Physiological calcium combined with electrical pacing accelerates maturation of human engineered heart tissue","volume":"17","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02079.x","article-title":"Replicative aging, telomeres, and oxidative stress","volume":"959","author":"Saretzki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2007.03.007","article-title":"Telomerase and the aging process","volume":"42","author":"Hornsby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5039","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA oxidative damage and repair in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Santos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.02.043","article-title":"Epigenetics of reprogramming to induced pluripotency","volume":"152","author":"Papp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114111","article-title":"Engineering in vitro immune-competent tissue models for testing and evaluation of therapeutics","volume":"182","author":"Hammel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dmpk.2024.101046","article-title":"Advancements in Microphysiological systems: Exploring organoids and organ-on-a-chip technologies in drug development-focus on pharmacokinetics related organs","volume":"60","author":"Kimura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/12\/11\/434\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T17:57:49Z","timestamp":1762192669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/12\/11\/434"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"references-count":162,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcdd12110434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd12110434","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]}}}