{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:13:47Z","timestamp":1787613227407,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiogenic shock (CS) remains a significant clinical challenge with persistently high mortality rates. Defined by impaired cardiac output resulting in end-organ hypoperfusion, CS commonly arises from acute myocardial infarction (AMI-CS) or acute exacerbations of heart failure (HF-CS). The severity of CS is classified by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) into stages A (at risk) through E (extremis), which informs treatment strategies, including pharmacotherapy and mechanical circulatory support (MCS). Recent advancements in percutaneous mechanical circulatory support devices, including intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABPs), Impella devices, TandemHeart, Protek-Duo, and veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO), have transformed management paradigms by offering targeted hemodynamic support. While DanGer-SHOCK, a pivotal randomized trial, demonstrated improved outcomes with early Impella use in anterior STEMI-associated CS, the trial\u2019s focus population and center expertise suggest that its findings should be interpreted in the context of broader AMI-CS and HF-CS presentations. Device selection is guided by shock severity, anatomical considerations, comorbidities, and institutional capabilities. This review synthesizes current evidence, evaluates the clinical utility and efficacy of existing and emerging percutaneous MCS technologies, and highlights ongoing clinical trials and future directions in optimizing CS management. Emphasis is placed on individualized patient selection, evidence-based deployment of MCS devices, and multidisciplinary team collaboration, which collectively represent a critical transition towards improving clinical outcomes in CS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd13010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T03:06:02Z","timestamp":1766718362000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cardiogenic Shock Management in the Modern Era: A Narrative Review of Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Srijit","family":"Jana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Las Vegas School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8728-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makayla","family":"Wijesinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3376-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael V.","family":"DiCaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Las Vegas School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3696-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"KaChon","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Las Vegas School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazanin","family":"Houshmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Las Vegas School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chowdhury","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Las Vegas School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e232","article-title":"Contemporary Management of Cardiogenic Shock: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"136","author":"Katz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.02.018","article-title":"2025 Concise Clinical Guidance: An ACC Expert Consensus Statement on the Evaluation and Management of Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"85","author":"Sinha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v12.i8.373","article-title":"Sympathetic Nervous System Activation and Heart Failure: Current State of Evidence and the Pathophysiology in the Light of Novel Biomarkers","volume":"12","author":"Borovac","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2007.10.004","article-title":"The Cardiac Cycle and the Physiologic Basis of Left Ventricular Contraction, Ejection, Relaxation, and Filling","volume":"4","author":"Fukuta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18323","article-title":"Cardiogenic Shock After Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Review","volume":"326","author":"Samsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.12.012","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure","volume":"79","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e021061","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.021061","article-title":"Fifteen-Year Trends in Incidence of Cardiogenic Shock Hospitalization and In-Hospital Mortality in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Osman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"390","article-title":"Early vs. Delayed Mechanical Circulatory Support in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"13","author":"Buda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2312572","article-title":"Microaxial Flow Pump or Standard Care in Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"390","author":"Jensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2015.06.009","article-title":"Pulmonary Artery Pulsatility Index Predicts Right Ventricular Failure after Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation","volume":"35","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009279","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.009279","article-title":"Cardiogenic Shock From Heart Failure Versus Acute Myocardial Infarction: Clinical Characteristics, Hospital Course, and 1-Year Outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Sinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710261","article-title":"PCI Strategies in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"377","author":"Thiele","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04884-5","article-title":"The Management of Heart Failure Cardiogenic Shock: An International RAND Appropriateness Panel","volume":"28","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064527","article-title":"Standardized Definitions for Cardiogenic Shock Research and Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices: Scientific Expert Panel From the Shock Academic Research Consortium (SHARC)","volume":"148","author":"Waksman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2023.09.014","article-title":"Heart Failure Related Cardiogenic Shock: An ISHLT Consensus Conference Content Summary","volume":"43","author":"Kanwar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H501","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00138.2005","article-title":"Assessment of Systolic and Diastolic Ventricular Properties via Pressure-Volume Analysis: A Guide for Clinical, Translational, and Basic Researchers","volume":"289","author":"Burkhoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.63.6.1223","article-title":"The End-Systolic Pressure-Volume Relation of the Ventricle: Definition, Modifications and Clinical Use","volume":"63","author":"Sagawa","year":"1981","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001728","article-title":"Predictive Value of Scores for All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"26","author":"Castiello","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"100008","article-title":"SCAI SHOCK Stage Classification Expert Consensus Update: A Review and Incorporation of Validation Studies","volume":"1","author":"Naidu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Soc. Cardiovasc. Angiogr. Interv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta, A., Vavilin, I., Nguyen, A.H., Batchelor, W.B., Blumer, V., Cilia, L., Dewanjee, A., Desai, M., Desai, S.S., and Flanagan, M.C. (2024). Contemporary Approach to Cardiogenic Shock Care: A State-of-the-Art Review. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1354158"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2020.06.037","article-title":"Arterial Lactate in Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"13","author":"Fuernau","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000960","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000960","article-title":"Cardiogenic Shock: Evolving Definitions and Future Directions in Management","volume":"6","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2449","article-title":"Early Risk Stratification in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock Irrespective of the Underlying Cause\u2014The Cardiogenic Shock Score","volume":"24","author":"Beer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3471","article-title":"Predicting Survival after Impella Implantation in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock: The J- PVAD Risk Score","volume":"27","author":"Kondo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.027","article-title":"Risk Stratification for Patients in Cardiogenic Shock After Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"69","author":"Fuernau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001729","article-title":"Predictive Value of Age, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Ejection Fraction (AGEF) Score for All-Cause 90-Day Mortality in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"26","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.260","article-title":"Clinical Picture and Risk Prediction of Short-term Mortality in Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"17","author":"Harjola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehae666.1703","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae666.1703","article-title":"Early Risk Stratification of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Severe Cardiogenic Shock\u2014The ECLS-SHOCK Risk Score","volume":"45","author":"Thevathasan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-2171","article-title":"Short-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support (Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump, Impella, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, TandemHeart): A Review","volume":"8","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"29","article-title":"SCAI Clinical Expert Consensus Statement on the Classification of Cardiogenic Shock: This Document Was Endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in April 2019","volume":"94","author":"Baran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1208410","article-title":"Intraaortic Balloon Support for Myocardial Infarction with Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"367","author":"Thiele","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.25518.1","article-title":"The Science of Safety: Complications Associated with the Use of Mechanical Circulatory Support in Cardiogenic Shock and Best Practices to Maximize Safety","volume":"9","author":"Kapur","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(87)80044-X","article-title":"Incidence and Management of Limb Ischemia with Percutaneous Wire-Guided Intraaortic Balloon Catheters","volume":"9","author":"Alderman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/1010-7940(93)90039-E","article-title":"Risk Factors of Septicemia and Perioperative Myocardial Infarction in a Cohort of Patients Supported with Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP) in the Course of Open Heart Surgery","volume":"7","author":"Aksnes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4725.18.04703-5","article-title":"Impella: Pumps Overview and Access Site Management","volume":"66","author":"Burzotta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerva Cardioangiol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e05","article-title":"A Review of the Impella Devices","volume":"17","author":"Zein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interv. Cardiol. Rev. Res. Resour."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2022.10.028","article-title":"The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation\/Heart Failure Society of America Guideline on Acute Mechanical Circulatory Support","volume":"42","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.058229","article-title":"Percutaneous Transvalvular Microaxial Flow Pump Support in Cardiology","volume":"145","author":"Kellnar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1177\/0391398820909843","article-title":"Hemolysis Associated with Impella Heart Pump Positioning: In Vitro Hemolysis Testing and Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling","volume":"43","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaiser, A.S., Fahrni, G., Hollinger, A., Knobel, D.T., Bovey, Y., Zellweger, N.M., Buser, A., Santer, D., Pargger, H., and Gebhard, C.E. (2021). Adverse Events of Percutaneous Microaxial Left Ventricular Assist Devices\u2014A Retrospective, Single-Centre Cohort Study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163710"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.03.036","article-title":"2015 SCAI\/ACC\/HFSA\/STS Clinical Expert Consensus Statement on the Use of Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices in Cardiovascular Care: Endorsed by the American Heart Assocation, the Cardiological Society of India, and Sociedad Latino Americana de Cardiologia Intervencion; Affirmation of Value by the Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology-Association Canadienne de Cardiologie d\u2019intervention","volume":"65","author":"Rihal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"111","article-title":"Clinical Experience with the TandemHeart Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device","volume":"33","author":"Kar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tex. Heart Inst. J."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"E138","article-title":"High-Risk Coronary Intervention with a Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device in the Presence of an Unstable Left Ventricular Thrombus","volume":"22","author":"Kapur","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Invasive Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.13116","article-title":"Mechanical Circulatory Support in Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis and Left Ventricular Dysfunction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention","volume":"32","author":"Alkhouli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Card. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(24)06268-5","article-title":"Tandem Heart for Left Atrial Uloading in Severe Bioprosthetic Mitral Stenosis with Pulmonary Hypertension and Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"83","author":"Hegde","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002676","article-title":"Advanced Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices for Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"45","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CMC.S15718","DOI":"10.4137\/CMC.S15718","article-title":"Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support: A Review of the Options, Indications, and Outcomes","volume":"8s1","author":"Gilotra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062949","article-title":"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in the Therapy of Cardiogenic Shock: Results of the ECMO-CS Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"147","author":"Ostadal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01607-0","article-title":"Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Patients with Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of Randomised Trials","volume":"402","author":"Zeymer","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307227","article-title":"Extracorporeal Life Support in Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"389","author":"Thiele","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-23-00204","article-title":"Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation or Standard Care in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Multicentre, Randomised EURO SHOCK Trial","volume":"19","author":"Banning","year":"2023","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.038","article-title":"Venoarterial ECMO for Adults","volume":"73","author":"Guglin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07354-2","article-title":"Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Immunocompromised Patients with Cardiogenic Shock: A Cohort Study and Propensity-Weighted Analysis","volume":"50","author":"Moyon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2013.09.008","article-title":"Complications of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock and Cardiac Arrest: A Meta-Analysis of 1866 Adult Patients","volume":"97","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02937-z","article-title":"Pulmonary Complications Associated with Veno-Arterial Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"24","author":"Roumy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-23-1734","article-title":"ProtekDuo Percutaneous Ventricular Support System\u2014Physiology and Clinical Applications","volume":"12","author":"John","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000000709","article-title":"Outcomes with the Tandem Protek Duo Dual-Lumen Percutaneous Right Ventricular Assist Device","volume":"64","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2018","journal-title":"ASAIO J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14525","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of ProtekDuo Right Ventricular Assist Device: A Systemic Review","volume":"47","author":"Alam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivz322","article-title":"Novel Percutaneous Dual-Lumen Cannula-Based Right Ventricular Assist Device Provides Effective Support for Refractory Right Ventricular Failure after Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation","volume":"30","author":"Salna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2019.02","article-title":"Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support in Acute Heart Failure","volume":"6","author":"Jiritano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Card. Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-6-147","article-title":"Intra Aortic Balloon Pump: Literature Review of Risk Factors Related to Complications of the Intraaortic Balloon Pump","volume":"6","author":"Parissis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Khan, T., and Siddiqui, A. (2025). Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000002184","article-title":"Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Reduces 30-Day Mortality in Early-Stage Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction According to SCAI Classification","volume":"60","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(94)70123-7","article-title":"Vascular Complications from Intraaortic Balloons: Risk Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Barnett","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"101337","article-title":"The Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump: A Focused Review of Physiology, Transport Logistics, Mechanics, and Complications","volume":"3","author":"Gillespie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Soc. Cardiovasc. Angiogr. Interv."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.17925\/HI.2022.16.1.37","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices","volume":"16","author":"Atti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4725.18.04658-3","article-title":"Principles of Hemodynamics for Mechanical Circulatory Support: Patho-Physiological Key Aspects of Assisted PCI","volume":"66","author":"Basile","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerva Cardioangiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006670","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006670","article-title":"Acute Biventricular Mechanical Circulatory Support for Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"6","author":"Kuchibhotla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"A19972","article-title":"Abstract 19972: Simultaneous, Not Staged, Deployment of Biventricular Micro-Axial Flow Impella Catheters (BiPella) Is Associated with Improved Survival for Cardiogenic Shock Involving Biventricular Failure","volume":"134","author":"Kapur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.668","article-title":"Concomitant Implantation of Impella\u00ae on Top of Veno-arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation May Improve Survival of Patients with Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"19","author":"Pappalardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.01.056","article-title":"ECPella: Concept, Physiology and Clinical Applications","volume":"36","author":"Meani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2022.08.011","article-title":"Primary Left Ventricular Unloading with Delayed Reperfusion in Patients with Anterior ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Rationale and Design of the STEMI-DTU Randomized Pivotal Trial","volume":"254","author":"Kapur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2015.08.018","article-title":"Benefits of a Novel Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device for Right Heart Failure: The Prospective RECOVER RIGHT Study of the Impella RP Device","volume":"34","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0254","article-title":"Association of Use of an Intravascular Microaxial Left Ventricular Assist Device vs Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump with In-Hospital Mortality and Major Bleeding Among Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"323","author":"Dhruva","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2024.05.015","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes among Cardiogenic Shock Patients Supported with High-Capacity Impella Axial Flow Pumps: A Report from the Cardiogenic Shock Working Group","volume":"43","author":"Fried","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/joic.12080","article-title":"The Current Use of Impella 2.5 in Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock: Results from the USpella Registry","volume":"27","author":"Schreiber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intervent. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2020.03.002","article-title":"Guidelines for the Use of Transesophageal Echocardiography to Assist with Surgical Decision-Making in the Operating Room: A Surgery-Based Approach","volume":"33","author":"Nicoara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s12055-023-01484-w","article-title":"Role of Acute Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices in Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"39","author":"Garg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1-e469\u2013469.e8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2006.05.031","article-title":"A Randomized Multicenter Clinical Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the TandemHeart Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device versus Conventional Therapy with Intraaortic Balloon Pumping for Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"152","author":"Burkhoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2016.08.037","article-title":"Comparative Hemodynamic Effects of Contemporary Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices in a Porcine Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"9","author":"Weil","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"59","article-title":"Large-Bore Access Site Management","volume":"13","author":"Kaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Card. Interv. Today"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi161","article-title":"Randomized Comparison of Intra-Aortic Balloon Support with a Percutaneous Left Ventricular Assist Device in Patients with Revascularized Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"26","author":"Thiele","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.08.613","article-title":"The Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device in Severe Refractory Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"57","author":"Kar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"756","article-title":"Utilization of TandemHeart in Cardiogenic Shock: Insights from the THEME Registry","volume":"101","author":"Megaly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"331","article-title":"The TandemHeart, Percutaneous Transseptal Left Ventricular Assist Device: A Safeguard in High-Risk Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. The Six-Year Rotterdam Experience","volume":"4","author":"Vranckx","year":"2008","journal-title":"Euro Interv. J. Eur. Collab. Work. Group Interv. Cardiol. Eur. Soc. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004905","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.004905","article-title":"Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiogenic Shock and Cardiac Arrest: Cardinal Considerations for Initiation and Management","volume":"11","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsangaris, A., Alexy, T., Kalra, R., Kosmopoulos, M., Elliott, A., Bartos, J.A., and Yannopoulos, D. (2021). Overview of Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VA-ECMO) Support for the Management of Cardiogenic Shock. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.686558"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2021.09.001","article-title":"Basics of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation","volume":"102","author":"Wrisinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/0267659118794112","article-title":"Left Ventricular Unloading during Veno-Arterial ECMO: A Review of Percutaneous and Surgical Unloading Interventions","volume":"34","author":"Donker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perfusion"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/0267659117745369","article-title":"Left Ventricular Thrombus Formation in Patients Undergoing Femoral Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation","volume":"33","author":"Weber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perfusion"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.085","article-title":"Left Ventricular Unloading During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"73","author":"Russo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krasivskyi, I., Gro\u00dfmann, C., Dechow, M., Djordjevic, I., Ivanov, B., Gerfer, S., Bennour, W., Kuhn, E., Sabashnikov, A., and Rahmanian, P.B. (2023). Acute Limb Ischaemia during ECMO Support: A 6-Year Experience. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020485"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivx259","article-title":"Controlled Flow Diversion in Hybrid Venoarterial\u2013Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation","volume":"26","author":"Cakici","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062371","article-title":"Unloading the Left Ventricle in Venoarterial ECMO: In Whom, When, and How?","volume":"147","author":"Ezad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001161","article-title":"2023 American Heart Association Focused Update on the Management of Patients with Cardiac Arrest or Life-Threatening Toxicity Due to Poisoning: An Update to the American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care","volume":"148","author":"Lavonas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"e274","article-title":"Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Management of the Comatose Adult Patient with an Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"149","author":"Menon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-014-0357-x","article-title":"Imaging Adults on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koziol, K.J., Isath, A., Rao, S., Gregory, V., Ohira, S., Van Diepen, S., Lorusso, R., and Krittanawong, C. (2023). Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VA-ECMO) in Management of Cardiogenic Shock. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175576"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12888","article-title":"Temporary Right Ventricular Circulatory Support Following Right Ventricular Infarction: Results of a Groin-free Approach","volume":"7","author":"Kremer","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.03.017","article-title":"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation with Right Ventricular Assist Device for COVID-19 ARDS","volume":"264","author":"Cain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03413-4","article-title":"Percutaneous Right Ventricular Assist Device, Rapid Employment in Right Ventricular Failure during Septic Shock","volume":"24","author":"Condello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV11I7A168","article-title":"The PulseCath iVAC 2L Left Ventricular Assist Device: Conversion to a Percutaneous Transfemoral Approach","volume":"11","author":"Daemen","year":"2015","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulum, J., Bastos, M.B., Hlinomaz, O., Malkin, O., Pawlowski, T., Dragula, M., and Gil, R. (2024). Pulsatile Left Ventricular Assistance in High-Risk Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: Short-Term Outcomes. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185357"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182769a54","article-title":"Recommendations for the Use of Mechanical Circulatory Support: Device Strategies and Patient Selection: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"126","author":"Peura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2017.10.011","article-title":"The First-in-Human Experience with a Minimally Invasive, Ambulatory, Counterpulsation Heart Assist System for Advanced Congestive Heart Failure","volume":"37","author":"Jeevanandam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14991","article-title":"Magenta Elevate: The Beginning of a New Era in Protected PCI?","volume":"49","author":"Shah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"(2025, June 16). Novel Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device Feasible in Patients Undergoing High-Risk Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (HRPCI). SCAI 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.scai.org\/media-center\/news-and-articles\/novel-percutaneous-ventricular-assist-device-feasible-patients."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.040654","article-title":"Shock Team Approach in Refractory Cardiogenic Shock Requiring Short-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support: A Proof of Concept","volume":"140","author":"Taleb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2018.03.024","article-title":"Analysis of Outcomes for 15,259 US Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Cardiogenic Shock (AMICS) Supported with the Impella Device","volume":"202","author":"Grines","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2021.08.014","article-title":"De Novo vs Acute-on-Chronic Presentations of Heart Failure-Related Cardiogenic Shock: Insights from the Critical Care Cardiology Trials Network Registry","volume":"27","author":"Bhatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2021.08.010","article-title":"Heart Failure-Related Cardiogenic Shock: Pathophysiology, Evaluation and Management Considerations","volume":"27","author":"Abraham","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"228","article-title":"Fulminant Myocarditis during HIV Seroconversion: Recovery with Temporary Left Ventricular Mechanical Assistance","volume":"5","author":"Brucato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ital. Heart J. Off. J. Ital. Fed. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-018-4719-x","article-title":"Treatment Options in Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: Focus on i. v. Immunoglobulins","volume":"43","author":"Maisch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hage-Sleiman, M., Derre, N., Verdet, C., Pialoux, G., Gaudin, O., Senet, P., Fartoukh, M., Boissan, M., and Garnier, M. (2019). Meningococcal Purpura Fulminans and Severe Myocarditis with Clinical Meningitis but No Meningeal Inflammation: A Case Report. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3866-x"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2012.10.009","article-title":"Endocardial and Myocardial Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis\u2014Is There a Relevant Inflammatory Component?","volume":"80","author":"Dinser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04458.x","article-title":"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Fulminant Myocarditis Complicating Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"176","author":"Leung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"570","article-title":"Rapid Resolution of Severe Myocardial Dysfunction in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis by Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Steroid Treatment","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-019-0731-6","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00360-y","article-title":"Fulminant Myocarditis: A Comprehensive Review from Etiology to Treatments and Outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Hang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-013-9521-9","article-title":"Acute Mechanical Circulatory Support for Fulminant Myocarditis Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"7","author":"Mody","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2114478","article-title":"Myocarditis","volume":"387","author":"Basso","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"1","article-title":"Successful Bridge-to-Recovery Treatment in a Young Patient with Fulminant Eosinophilic Myocarditis: Roles of a Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device and Endomyocardial Biopsy","volume":"2019","author":"Sugi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e023719","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.023719","article-title":"Differences in Prognosis and Cardiac Function According to Required Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support and Histological Findings in Patients with Fulminant Myocarditis: Insights From the CHANGE PUMP 2 Study","volume":"11","author":"Kondo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05129-1","article-title":"Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump after VA-ECMO Reduces Mortality in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock: An Analysis of the Chinese Extracorporeal Life Support Registry","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e023713","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.023713","article-title":"Outcomes of Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Plus Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping for Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"11","author":"Nishi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2023.09.023","article-title":"Left Ventricular Unloading with Impella Versus IABP in Patients with VA-ECMO: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"208","author":"Gandhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2013.06.002","article-title":"Percutaneous Placement of an Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump in the Left Axillary\/Subclavian Position Provides Safe, Ambulatory Long-Term Support as Bridge to Heart Transplantation","volume":"1","author":"Estep","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.01.010","article-title":"Transaxillary Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Placement: A New Approach with Great Potential","volume":"93","author":"Alraies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006666","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006666","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Life with an Ambulatory Counterpulsation Pump in Advanced Heart Failure Patients: Results of the Multicenter Feasibility Trial","volume":"13","author":"Uriel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1145","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000507","article-title":"Recommendations for the Use of Mechanical Circulatory Support: Ambulatory and Community Patient Care: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"135","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2022.12.005","article-title":"Transcaval Access and Closure Best Practices","volume":"16","author":"Lederman","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"555","article-title":"Transcaval Access for the Emergency Delivery of 5.0 Liters per Minute Mechanical Circulatory Support in Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"97","author":"Afana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.16197","article-title":"Five-Year Outcomes in Patients with Fully Magnetically Levitated vs Axial-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices in the MOMENTUM 3 Randomized Trial","volume":"328","author":"Mehra","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.07.074","article-title":"Cardiac Shock Care Centers","volume":"72","author":"Rab","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2015.2412","article-title":"Call for Organized Statewide Networks for Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction\u2013Related Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"150","author":"Tchantchaleishvili","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017326","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017326","article-title":"Outcomes of Hospitalizations for Cardiogenic Shock at Left Ventricular Assist Device Versus Non\u2013Left Ventricular Assist Device Centers","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001462","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001462","article-title":"Effect of Cardiogenic Shock Hospital Volume on Mortality in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"4","author":"Shaefi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001076","article-title":"Escalating and De-Escalating Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support in Cardiogenic Shock: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"146","author":"Geller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"354","article-title":"Building a Cardiogenic Shock Response Team: Key Considerations Necessary to Improve Outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Varma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.07.044","article-title":"Management and Outcomes of Cardiogenic Shock in Cardiac ICUs with Versus Without Shock Teams","volume":"78","author":"Papolos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"Abiomed Inc (2025, June 16). Impella\u00ae-Supported PCI in High-Risk Patients with Complex Coronary Artery Disease and Reduced Left Ven-tricular Function: The PROTECT IV Trial, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04763200."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Assistance Publique\u2014H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (2025, June 16). Assessment of ECMO in Acute Myocardial Infarction with Non-Reversible Cardi-ogenic Shock to Halt Organ Failure and Reduce Mortality (ANCHOR), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04184635."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Insel Gruppe AG, and University Hospital Bern (2025, June 16). Clinical Outcomes in Patients in Need of a Non-Permanent Extracorporeal Car-diocirculatory Support System (Peripheral Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) or Axial Flow Pump IMPELLA), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04117230."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2024.06.006","article-title":"The Premise, Promise, and Perils of Artificial Intelligence in Critical Care Cardiology","volume":"86","author":"Huerta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.15934","article-title":"Cardiogenic Shock and Machine Learning: A Systematic Review on Prediction through Clinical Decision Support Softwares","volume":"36","author":"Aleman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Card. Surg."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-00830-9","article-title":"Comparison of Different AI Systems for Diagnosing Sepsis, Septic Shock, and Cardiogenic Shock: A Retrospective Study","volume":"15","author":"Obmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14995","article-title":"AI Driven Mechanical Circulatory Support: Can AI and Impella Team up to Beat Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"11","author":"Tokarczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2024.06.005","article-title":"Recommendations for Multimodality Imaging of Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices and Temporary Mechanical Support: Updated Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":"37","author":"Estep","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2024.11.005","article-title":"Hemodynamic Effects and Clinical Outcomes of Left Atrial Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (LAVA-ECMO) in Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"236","author":"Villablanca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000002348","article-title":"Utilization and Outcomes of Temporary Percutaneous Right Ventricular Assist Devices in Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"71","author":"John","year":"2025","journal-title":"ASAIO J."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"1502","article-title":"Optimal Timing of Venoarterial-Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients Suffering From Refractory Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"84","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. J. Off. J. Jpn. Circ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-022-02040-5","article-title":"Budget Impact Analysis of Impella CP\u00ae Utilization in the Management of Cardiogenic Shock in France: A Health Economic Analysis","volume":"39","author":"Delmas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"703","article-title":"Cost Savings for pVAD Compared to ECMO in the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock: An episode-of-care analysis","volume":"98","author":"Vetrovec","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2024.101047","article-title":"Resource Utilization and Costs Associated with Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Myocardial Infarction","volume":"3","author":"Parlow","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Adv."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/13\/1\/9\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T09:15:04Z","timestamp":1766999704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/13\/1\/9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcdd13010009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd13010009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]}}}