{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:32:41Z","timestamp":1768869161664,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"postdoctoral fellowship","award":["88887.102383\/2025-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.102383\/2025-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding thrombosis in acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) has evolved through advances in biomarkers, intracoronary imaging, and emerging analytical tools, improving diagnostic accuracy and risk stratification in high-risk patients. This narrative review provides an integrative overview of contemporary evidence from clinical trials, meta-analyses, and international guidelines addressing circulating biomarkers, intracoronary imaging modalities\u2014including optical coherence tomography (OCT), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)\u2014artificial intelligence\u2013based analytical approaches, and emerging antithrombotic therapies. High-sensitivity cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides remain the most robust and guideline-supported biomarkers for diagnosis and prognostic assessment in ACS, whereas inflammatory markers and multimarker strategies offer incremental prognostic information but lack definitive validation for routine therapeutic guidance. Intracoronary imaging with IVUS or OCT is supported by current guidelines to guide percutaneous coronary intervention in selected patients with ACS and complex coronary lesions, leading to improved procedural optimization and clinical outcomes compared with angiography-guided strategies. Beyond procedural guidance, OCT enables detailed plaque characterization and mechanistic insights into ACS, while NIRS provides complementary information on lipid-rich plaque burden, primarily for risk stratification based on observational evidence. Artificial intelligence represents a rapidly evolving tool for integrating clinical, laboratory, and imaging data, with promising results in retrospective and observational studies; however, its clinical application in thrombosis management remains investigational due to the lack of outcome-driven randomized trials. In the therapeutic domain, factor XI inhibitors have demonstrated favorable safety profiles with reduced bleeding and preserved antithrombotic efficacy in phase II and early phase III studies, but their definitive role in ACS management awaits confirmation in large, outcome-driven randomized trials. Overall, the integration of biomarkers, intracoronary imaging, and emerging analytical and pharmacological strategies highlights the potential for more individualized cardiovascular care. Nevertheless, careful interpretation of existing evidence, rigorous validation, and alignment with guideline-directed practice remain essential before widespread clinical adoption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd13010052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:35:27Z","timestamp":1768822527000},"page":"52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of High-Risk Cardiovascular Conditions: Biomarkers, Intracoronary Imaging, Artificial Intelligence, and Novel Anticoagulants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1203-7738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarissa Campo","family":"Dall\u2019Orto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hemodynamics, Brazilian Society for Health Support Hospital, Teixeira de Freitas 45995-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Hemodynamics, AMES Hospital, Eun\u00e1polis 45820-131, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Hemodynamics, Costa das Baleias State Hospital, Teixeira de Freitas 45990-566, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1303-220X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubens Pierry Ferreira","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hemodynamics, Brazilian Society for Health Support Hospital, Teixeira de Freitas 45995-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Hemodynamics, AMES Hospital, Eun\u00e1polis 45820-131, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Hemodynamics, Costa das Baleias State Hospital, Teixeira de Freitas 45990-566, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4131-8209","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Filho","given":"Gilvan Vilella","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hemodynamics, Brazilian Society for Health Support Hospital, Teixeira de Freitas 45995-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Hemodynamics, AMES Hospital, Eun\u00e1polis 45820-131, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Hemodynamics, Costa das Baleias State Hospital, Teixeira de Freitas 45990-566, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro Gabriel Senger","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pro-Coracao Clinic, Sao Paulo 05021-010, Brazil"},{"name":"Cardio-Oncology Department, Heart Institute, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0200-2927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Raphael","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hemodynamics, Brazilian Society for Health Support Hospital, Teixeira de Freitas 45995-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Hemodynamics, Costa das Baleias State Hospital, Teixeira de Freitas 45990-566, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2025.2517146","article-title":"Shaping the future of precision medicine: Plasma proteomics to uncover insights in thrombosis","volume":"22","author":"Johansson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e038782","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.038782","article-title":"Thrombosis, Translational Medicine, and Biomarker Research: Moving the Needle","volume":"14","author":"Shaw","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02391-6","article-title":"Acute coronary syndromes","volume":"399","author":"Bergmark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurumurthy, G., Kisiel, F., Reynolds, L., Thomas, W., Othman, M., Arachchillage, D.J., and Thachil, J. (2025). Machine Learning in Venous Thromboembolism\u2014Why and What Next?. Semin. Thromb. Hemost.","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2669-7933"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1722188","article-title":"Antithrombotic Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes: Current Evidence and Ongoing Issues Regarding Early and Late Management","volume":"121","author":"Guedeney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612829666230830105750","article-title":"Antithrombotic Treatment in Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"29","author":"Siasos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1714212","article-title":"Antithrombotic Therapy in Myocardial Infarction: Historic Perils and Current Challenges-A 70-Year Journey","volume":"120","author":"Fernando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1607714","article-title":"Management of Antithrombotic Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes","volume":"384","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa1097","article-title":"Patient-tailored antithrombotic therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"42","author":"Rozemeijer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32658-1","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism","volume":"398","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000919","article-title":"Novel antithrombotic strategies for treatment of venous thromboembolism","volume":"135","author":"Weitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad362","article-title":"Personalised antiplatelet therapies for coronary artery disease: What the future holds","volume":"44","author":"Capodanno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab642","article-title":"Towards personalized antithrombotic management with drugs and devices across the cardiovascular spectrum","volume":"43","author":"Luscher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104215","article-title":"Translational biomarkers for integrated cardiovascular disease risk assessment: A multidisciplinary review with applications in precision medicine","volume":"35","author":"Visioli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e618","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000617","article-title":"Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018)","volume":"138","author":"Thygesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e771","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001328","article-title":"2025 ACC\/AHA\/ACEP\/NAEMSP\/SCAI Guideline for the Management of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"151","author":"Rao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djuric, D., Bajic, Z., Radisavljevic, N., Sobot, T., Mutavdzin Krneta, S., Stankovic, S., and Skrbic, R. (2025). High-Sensitivity Troponins and Homocysteine: Combined Biomarkers for Better Prediction of Cardiovascular Events. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178186"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa228","article-title":"Role of Cardiac Biomarkers in Epidemiology and Risk Outcomes","volume":"67","author":"Haller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001191","article-title":"Novel Prediction Equations for Absolute Risk Assessment of Total Cardiovascular Disease Incorporating Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2013-0074","article-title":"Acute coronary syndrome\u2014The present and future role of biomarkers","volume":"51","author":"Lindahl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2023.08.007","article-title":"Biomarkers and cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary disease in the ISCHEMIA Trials","volume":"266","author":"Newman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2018.1525335","article-title":"Novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: Applications in clinical practice","volume":"56","author":"Lyngbakken","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-022-02709-2","article-title":"Biomarkers associated with coronary high-risk plaques","volume":"54","author":"Nakajima","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Statescu, C., Anghel, L., Tudurachi, B.S., Leonte, A., Benchea, L.C., and Sascau, R.A. (2022). From Classic to Modern Prognostic Biomarkers in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169168"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e038675","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.038675","article-title":"Growth Differentiation Factor-15 is Associated with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Death at 30 and 90 Days in Emergency Department Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Mumma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.09.006","article-title":"2021 ACC\/AHA\/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"79","author":"Lawton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00249-X","article-title":"Identification of vulnerable plaques and patients by intracoronary near-infrared spectroscopy and ultrasound (PROSPECT II): A prospective natural history study","volume":"397","author":"Erlinge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38578-9","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of acute myocardial infarction arising from non-lipid-rich plaque determined by NIRS-IVUS","volume":"13","author":"Terada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.01.044","article-title":"2-Year Outcomes After Stenting of Lipid-Rich and Nonrich Coronary Plaques","volume":"75","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-016-0607-0","article-title":"The Role of Intracoronary Plaque Imaging with Intravascular Ultrasound, Optical Coherence Tomography, and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"18","author":"Hoang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00687-9","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in coronary atherosclerosis assessment and intervention","volume":"19","author":"Araki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2021.10.009","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography and coronary revascularization: From indication to procedural optimization","volume":"33","author":"Volleberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01454-5","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography-guided versus angiography-guided percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with complex lesions (OCCUPI): An investigator-initiated, multicentre, randomised, open-label, superiority trial in South Korea","volume":"404","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2216607","article-title":"Intravascular Imaging-Guided or Angiography-Guided Complex PCI","volume":"388","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dall\u2019Orto, C.C., Ferreira Lopes, R.P., Euripedes, L.V., Pinto Filho, G.V., and da Silva, M.R. (2023). Acute Coronary Syndrome with Non-Obstructive Plaque on Angiography and Features of Vulnerable Plaque on Intracoronary Optical Coherence Tomography. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13193118"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apostolos, A., Karanasos, A., Ktenopoulos, N., Tsalamandris, S., Vlachakis, P.K., Kachrimanidis, I., Skalidis, I., Sagris, M., Koliastasis, L., and Drakopoulou, M. (2024). Unlocking the Secrets of Acute Coronary Syndromes Using Intravascular Imaging: From Pathophysiology to Improving Outcomes. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237087"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buonpane, A., Trimarchi, G., Ciardetti, M., Coceani, M.A., Alagna, G., Benedetti, G., Berti, S., Ando, G., Burzotta, F., and De Caterina, A.R. (2024). Optical Coherence Tomography in Myocardial Infarction Management: Enhancing Precision in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195791"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"102294","article-title":"SCAI Expert Consensus Statement on the Management of Patients with STEMI Referred for Primary PCI","volume":"3","author":"Abbott","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Soc. Cardiovasc. Angiogr. Interv."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"46","article-title":"Utility of optical coherence tomography in acute coronary syndromes","volume":"102","author":"Dakroub","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067583","article-title":"Coronary Angiography, Intravascular Ultrasound, and Optical Coherence Tomography for Guiding of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"149","author":"Giacoppo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.04.082","article-title":"Assessment of culprit lesion morphology in acute myocardial infarction: Ability of optical coherence tomography compared with intravascular ultrasound and coronary angioscopy","volume":"50","author":"Kubo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00282-4","article-title":"Intravascular ultrasound-guided versus angiography-guided percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes (IVUS-ACS): A two-stage, multicentre, randomised trial","volume":"403","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02454-6","article-title":"Intravascular imaging-guided coronary drug-eluting stent implantation: An updated network meta-analysis","volume":"403","author":"Stone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.02.062","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of optical coherence tomography and integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound images for tissue characterization of human coronary plaques","volume":"48","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.11.035","article-title":"Assessment of coronary arterial plaque by optical coherence tomography","volume":"97","author":"Kume","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9776","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20209776","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography versus intravascular ultrasound in patients with myocardial infarction: A diagnostic performance study of pre-percutaneous coronary interventions","volume":"53","author":"Niu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/00019501-200608000-00005","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound for the detection and characterization of atherosclerotic plaque composition in ex-vivo coronary specimens: A comparison with histology","volume":"17","author":"Rieber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coron. Artery Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13671","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13671","article-title":"Intravascular ultrasound insights into the unstable features of the coronary atherosclerotic plaques: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Homorodean","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5032","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf595","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based identification of thin-cap fibroatheromas and clinical outcomes: The PECTUS-AI study","volume":"46","author":"Volleberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e018133","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.125.018133","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence-Led Whole Coronary Artery OCT Analysis; Validation and Identification of Drug Efficacy and Higher-Risk Plaques","volume":"18","author":"Jessney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e296","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001202","article-title":"Value Creation Through Artificial Intelligence and Cardiovascular Imaging: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"149","author":"Hanneman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3616","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf474","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular pharmacotherapy: Applications and perspectives","volume":"46","author":"Costa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac758","article-title":"Artificial intelligence to enhance clinical value across the spectrum of cardiovascular healthcare","volume":"44","author":"Gill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4291","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae465","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular medicine: Clinical applications","volume":"45","author":"Luscher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025029876","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Hematology","volume":"146","author":"Nazha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2024.109121","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism in the era of machine learning and artificial intelligence in medicine","volume":"242","author":"Pantanowitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2025.05.025","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence for Risk Stratification of Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Perspectives on Clinical Needs, Expanding Toolkit, and Pathways Forward","volume":"252","author":"Henkin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"125","article-title":"Enhancing Thrombophilia Risk Prediction Through AI-Based Methodologies","volume":"314","author":"Mazzuca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697949","article-title":"Using Artificial Intelligence to Manage Thrombosis Research, Diagnosis, and Clinical Management","volume":"46","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c02764","article-title":"Sensing the Future of Thrombosis Management: Integrating Vessel-on-a-Chip Models, Advanced Biosensors, and AI-Driven Digital Twins","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huerta, N., Iqbal, S.B., Rao, S.J., Isath, A., Glicksberg, B.S., and Krittanawong, C. (2025). Invited Article: Al guided Dual Antiplatelet Therapy and Anticoagulation. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 86.","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001710"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-024-02972-5","article-title":"Factor XI: Structure, function and therapeutic inhibition","volume":"57","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac464","article-title":"Factor XI inhibitors: Cardiovascular perspectives","volume":"44","author":"Prisco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2023.04.021","article-title":"News at XI: Moving beyond factor Xa inhibitors","volume":"21","author":"Fredenburgh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-024-02986-z","article-title":"Factor XI as a new target for prevention of thromboembolism in cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"58","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2043-0346","article-title":"Factor XI Inhibitors in Early Clinical Trials: A Meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Galli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campello, E., Simioni, P., Prandoni, P., and Ferri, N. (2022). Clinical Pharmacology of Factor XI Inhibitors: New Therapeutic Approaches for Prevention of Venous and Arterial Thrombotic Disorders. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216314"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2023.101119","article-title":"Factor XI inhibitors for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: A new therapeutic approach on the horizon?","volume":"62","author":"Santagata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, Y., Hu, Y., and Tang, L. (2023). Factor XIa Inhibitors as a Novel Anticoagulation Target: Recent Clinical Research Advances. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16060866"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-024-03023-9","article-title":"Factor XIa inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for atherothrombosis","volume":"57","author":"Bailey","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-025-01144-z","article-title":"Factor XI inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thromboembolism","volume":"22","author":"Capodanno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000001015","article-title":"Factor XI inhibitors: What should clinicians know","volume":"38","author":"Pandey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa575","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation","volume":"42","author":"Collet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurgoglione, F.L., Denegri, A., Russo, M., Calvieri, C., Benatti, G., and Niccoli, G. (2023). Intracoronary Imaging of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque: From Assessment of Pathophysiological Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implication. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065155"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa298","article-title":"Biomarkers for Risk Assessment in Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"67","author":"Berg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/13\/1\/52\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:57:06Z","timestamp":1768823826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/13\/1\/52"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcdd13010052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd13010052","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]}}}