{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:56:33Z","timestamp":1791831393023,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCDD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO), patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure, and atrial septal defect (ASD) closure rely on temporary antithrombotic therapy to prevent device-related thrombus during endothelialization, yet optimal regimens remain uncertain and vary widely across clinical practice. This review synthesizes contemporary evidence on postprocedural antithrombotic strategies, comparing efficacy and safety data and identifying key gaps in knowledge. After LAAO, therapeutic approaches range from short-term anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists or direct oral anticoagulants to dual or single antiplatelet therapy in patients with high bleeding risk; observational data increasingly support DOAC-based regimens, although device-related thrombus remains a significant concern, and follow-up imaging protocols are inconsistent. Following PFO and ASD closure, antiplatelet-only regimens\u2014typically brief dual antiplatelet therapy followed by aspirin\u2014are widely used, with evidence suggesting that simplified or abbreviated strategies may be sufficient in selected patients. Despite extensive clinical experience, high-quality comparative trials are limited, and optimal therapy, duration, and surveillance remain debated. Standardized imaging definitions, randomized studies, and individualized risk-based frameworks are needed to optimize antithrombotic care after atrial structural interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd13030108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T11:23:45Z","timestamp":1772105025000},"page":"108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antithrombotic Therapy in Percutaneous Atrial Structural Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Pitsikakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Voutes, Leof Panepistimiou, 71500 Iraklio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4374-0389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Skalidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, HFR\u2014Fribourg Hospital and University, 1708 Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Skalidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Voutes, Leof Panepistimiou, 71500 Iraklio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Lempidakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Voutes, Leof Panepistimiou, 71500 Iraklio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1622-9593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Papoutsakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Voutes, Leof Panepistimiou, 71500 Iraklio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Sideras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Voutes, Leof Panepistimiou, 71500 Iraklio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Zacharis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Voutes, Leof Panepistimiou, 71500 Iraklio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stylianos","family":"Petousis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Voutes, Leof Panepistimiou, 71500 Iraklio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michalis","family":"Hamilos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Voutes, Leof Panepistimiou, 71500 Iraklio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.054305","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy in patients undergoing transcatheter interventions for structural heart disease","volume":"144","author":"Gragnano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-18-00622","article-title":"European position paper on the management of patients with patent foramen ovale. General approach and left circulation thromboembolism","volume":"14","author":"Pristipino","year":"2019","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotta Detto Loria, J., Desch, S., P\u00f6ss, J., Kirsch, K., Thiele, H., and Sandri, M. (2023). Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion\u2014Current evidence and future directions. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237292"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2411335","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness and safety comparison between reduced rivaroxaban dose and dual antiplatelet therapy for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients following percutaneous left atrial appendage closure: A prospective observational study","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvad023","article-title":"Impact of the antiplatelet strategy following patent foramen ovale percutaneous closure","volume":"9","author":"Guedeney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2018.06.08","article-title":"Antiplatelet therapy in valvular and structural heart disease interventions","volume":"8","author":"Nusca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2022.09.066","article-title":"Looking for optimal antithrombotic strategy after transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion: A real-world comparison of different antiplatelet regimens","volume":"371","author":"Vignali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsigkas, G., Vakka, A., Apostolos, A., Bousoula, E., Vythoulkas-Biotis, N., Koufou, E.-E., Vasilagkos, G., Tsiafoutis, I., Hamilos, M., and Aminian, A. (2023). Dual antiplatelet therapy and cancer: Balancing between ischemic and bleeding risk: A narrative review. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd10040135"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2021.06.006","article-title":"Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion: A review of current devices, clinical evidence, patient selection, and post procedural antithrombotic management","volume":"66","author":"Jackson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-22-0687","article-title":"Antithrombotic regimen after percutaneous left atrial appendage closure: A real-world study","volume":"87","author":"Ryuzaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1864","article-title":"Discontinuation of antithrombotic management following left atrial appendage occlusion in high bleeding risk patients","volume":"106","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franchin, L., Piroli, F., Demola, P., Mantovani, F., Iannaccone, M., Manfredi, R., D\u2019aScenzo, F., Fortuni, F., Ugo, F., and Meucci, F. (2023). Efficacy and safety of left atrial appendage closure compared with oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and propensity-matched studies. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1212161"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-020-00884-x","article-title":"Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial to compare two antithrombotic strategies after left atrial appendage occlusion: Double antiplatelet therapy vs. apixaban (ADALA study)","volume":"59","author":"Arzamendi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"10","article-title":"The WATCHMAN device review: A new era for stroke prophylaxis","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Community Hosp. Intern. Med. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzone, P., Laricchia, A., D\u2019Angelo, G., Falasconi, G., Pannone, L., Limite, L.R., Zweiker, D., Regazzoli, D., Radinovic, A., and Marzi, A. (2021). Role of different antithrombotic regimens after percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion: A large single center experience. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10091959"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2025.01.014","article-title":"Current evidence and indications for left atrial appendage closure","volume":"85","author":"Shinohara","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"ehae176","article-title":"2024 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"45","author":"Rienstra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4405152","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4405152","article-title":"Perioperative treatment with rivaroxaban and dabigatran on changes of coagulation and platelet activation biomarkers following left atrial appendage closure","volume":"2024","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2025.2486154","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy after left atrial appendage occlusion","volume":"23","author":"Raffo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010195","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.010195","article-title":"Device-related thrombus after left atrial appendage closure: Data on thrombus characteristics, treatment strategies, and clinical outcomes from the EUROC-DRT-Registry","volume":"14","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2023.10.046","article-title":"Device-related thrombus after left atrial appendage occlusion: Clinical impact, predictors, classification, and management","volume":"16","author":"Alkhouli","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.10.040","article-title":"Antiplatelet effects of aspirin and clopidogrel after left atrial appendage (LAA) occluder implantation","volume":"275","author":"Dannenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-022-02065-4","article-title":"Clinical and echocardiographic risk factors for device-related thrombus after left atrial appendage closure: An analysis from the multicenter EUROC-DRT registry","volume":"111","author":"Vij","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, A.P., Freeman, J.V., Alkhouli, M., Agarwal, H., Coylewright, M., Makkar, A., Anderson, J., Gage, R., Freixa, X., and Nielsen-Kudsk, J.E. (Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med., 2025). Outcomes for single antiplatelet, dual antiplatelet, or oral anticoagulation after Amulet: Insights from EMERGE LAA post-approval study, Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2025.07.012"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2019.04.004","article-title":"Propensity-matched comparison of oral anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy after left atrial appendage closure with WATCHMAN","volume":"12","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caracciolo, A., Mazzone, P., Laterra, G., Garcia-Ruiz, V., Polimeni, A., Galasso, S., Saporito, F., Carerj, S., D\u2019Ascenzo, F., and Marquis-Gravel, G. (2019). Antithrombotic therapy for percutaneous cardiovascular interventions: From coronary artery disease to structural heart interventions. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8112016"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012812","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.122.012812","article-title":"Antithrombotic management after left atrial appendage closure: Current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Mesnier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaa074","article-title":"Initial and long-term antithrombotic therapy after left atrial appendage closure with the WATCHMAN","volume":"22","author":"Ledwoch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.077469","article-title":"Short-term anticoagulation versus dual antiplatelet therapy for preventing device thrombosis following left atrial appendage closure: The ANDES randomized clinical trial","volume":"152","author":"Hibbert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2024.2335","article-title":"Low-dose direct oral anticoagulation vs. dual antiplatelet therapy after left atrial appendage occlusion: The ADALA randomized clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Freixa","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-023-02919-2","article-title":"Short-term antiplatelet versus anticoagulant therapy after left atrial appendage closure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2022.05.009","article-title":"Hemostatic biomarkers and antithrombotic strategy in percutaneous left atrial interventions: State-of-the-art review","volume":"215","author":"Aarnink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-24-00116","article-title":"A comparison of simplified or conventional antithrombotic regimens after left atrial appendage closure in patients at high bleeding risk: The PLATEBRISK study","volume":"20","author":"Rivero","year":"2024","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2021.11.007","article-title":"Treatment of device-related thrombosis after left atrial appendage occlusion: Initial experience with low-dose apixaban","volume":"40","author":"Regueiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"714","article-title":"The WATCHMAN device and post-implantation anticoagulation management: A review of key studies and the risk of device-related thrombosis","volume":"11","author":"Magdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.05.067","article-title":"Anticoagulation alone vs. anticoagulation plus aspirin or DAPT following left atrial appendage occlusion","volume":"84","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.12.007","article-title":"Single vs. dual antiplatelet therapy after left atrial appendage closure: A propensity score matching analysis","volume":"22","author":"Galea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5683.20.05474-2","article-title":"Safety of reduced or absent antithrombotic therapy after left atrial appendage closure in patients affected by hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and atrial fibrillation","volume":"70","author":"Pepe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerva Cardiol. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2502060","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy following structural heart disease interventions: Current status and future directions","volume":"25","author":"Mitsis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olasinska-Wisniewska, A., and Grygier, M. (2019). Antithrombotic\/antiplatelet treatment in transcatheter structural cardiac interventions\u2014PFO\/ASD\/LAA occluder and interatrial shunt devices. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00075"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa554","article-title":"2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult congenital heart disease","volume":"42","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2037","article-title":"Navigating the uncertainties of antithrombotic therapy after transcatheter patent foramen ovale closure: A comprehensive review","volume":"106","author":"Beneki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6559447","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6559447","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy duration after patent foramen ovale closure for stroke prevention: Impact on long-term outcome","volume":"2022","author":"Kefer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Interv. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707404","article-title":"Patent foramen ovale closure or antiplatelet therapy for cryptogenic stroke","volume":"377","author":"Kasner","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610057","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of patent foramen ovale closure or medical therapy after stroke","volume":"377","author":"Saver","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705915","article-title":"Patent foramen ovale closure or anticoagulation vs. antiplatelets after stroke","volume":"377","author":"Mas","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e023761","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023761","article-title":"Patent foramen ovale closure, antiplatelet therapy or anticoagulation in patients with patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke: A systematic review and network meta-analysis incorporating complementary external evidence","volume":"8","author":"Mir","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2018.0016","article-title":"Patent foramen ovale closure versus medical therapy after cryptogenic stroke: An updated meta-analysis of all randomized clinical trials","volume":"26","author":"Kheiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"5","article-title":"Comparison of patent foramen ovale closure vs. medical therapy for the prevention of recurrent cryptogenic stroke: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Hamodat","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Saudi Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.046","article-title":"Cryptogenic stroke and high-risk patent foramen ovale: The DEFENSE-PFO trial","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009443","article-title":"Practice advisory update summary: Patent foramen ovale and secondary stroke prevention","volume":"94","author":"Gronseth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"W. L. Gore & Associates (2026, January 15). GORE\u00ae CARDIOFORM Septal Occluder. Available online: https:\/\/www.goremedical.com\/products\/cardioform-septal-occluder."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration AMPLATZER\u2122 PFO Occluder\u2014Device Information, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/97964\/download."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019282","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019282","article-title":"Angioscopic evaluation of atrial septal defect closure device neo-endothelialization","volume":"10","author":"Tanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61343-X","article-title":"Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage versus warfarin therapy for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: A randomised non-inferiority trial","volume":"374","author":"Holmes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.07.944","article-title":"2014 ACC\/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"64","author":"Fleisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.04.029","article-title":"Prospective randomized evaluation of the WATCHMAN left atrial appendage closure device in patients with atrial fibrillation versus long-term warfarin therapy: The PREVAIL trial","volume":"64","author":"Holmes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605","article-title":"2020 ESC guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Pelliccia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035090","article-title":"Device-related thrombus after left atrial appendage closure: Incidence, predictors, and outcomes","volume":"138","author":"Dukkipati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.659599","article-title":"Critique of closure or medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale: The hole truth?","volume":"43","author":"Thaler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-21-01010","article-title":"Device-related thrombus following left atrial appendage occlusion","volume":"18","author":"Simard","year":"2022","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2016.11.029","article-title":"Incidence and clinical impact of device-associated thrombus and peri-device leak following left atrial appendage closure with the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug","volume":"10","author":"Saw","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"405","article-title":"Peridevice leak after left atrial appendage closure: Incidence, risk factors, and clinical impact","volume":"35","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2022.03.001","article-title":"Clinical impact of residual leaks following left atrial appendage occlusion: Insights from the NCDR LAAO registry","volume":"8","author":"Alkhouli","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2025.08.014","article-title":"Impact of device compression on peridevice leak after left atrial appendage closure: The Impression LAAC study","volume":"11","author":"Galea","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.10.030","article-title":"Incidence and clinical course of thrombus formation on atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale closure devices in 1,000 consecutive patients","volume":"43","author":"Krumsdorf","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-23-01084","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy for transcatheter structural heart intervention","volume":"20","author":"Guedeney","year":"2024","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/13\/3\/108\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T11:53:40Z","timestamp":1772106820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3425\/13\/3\/108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcdd13030108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd13030108","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]}}}